La lampreda di mare, Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758

Nomi dialettali italiani - Piemonte - Lampreiùn, Prelun. Liguria -  Sussa pèixe. Lombardia -  Zufflòt. Veneto - Lampredon. Friuli - Magna pegola. Marche - Succhiapasce, Magnapaisce. Campania, Calabria - Zucaprete, Sucapèce. Sicilia - Alàmpuia, Alampia, Zuccpisci. Puglia - Gianfrèta. Sardegna - Suga pixi.

Nomi comuni esteri - Spagna - Amprea, Amprega, Chucladit, Ferrêtimo, Lampardia, Lamprea de mar, Lamprea marina, Lampreia, Llamprea, Llampresa, Llampresa de mar, Pegatimôn, Xuclador. Portogallo - Lampreia do mar, Lampreia-do-mar, Lampreira marinha, Lampreira-marinha. Francese - Lamproie marine, Anguille musique, Grande lamproie, Lampré, Lampresa, Lamprez, Lamproia, Lamproie, Lamproie de mer, Lamproie marbrée, Lamprua, Sept-œil, Suce-pierre. Greco - Petromyzon. Inglese - Sea lamprey, Eel sucker, Great sea lamprey, Green lamprey, Green sea lamprey, Lamper, Lamprey, Marine lamprey, Nannie nine eyes, Nine eyes, Shad lamprey, Spotted lamprey, Stone sucker. Gaelico - An loimpre mhara. Tedesco - Meeresneunauge, Große lamprete, Großes neunauge, Neunaugenkönig, Seelamprete. Olanda - Zeeprik. Danimarca - Havlampret, Havniøje. Isole Faeroe - Kjølsúgari, Súgari, Súgvari. Svezia - Havsnejonöga. Norvegia - Havniøye. Islanda - Sæsteinsuga. Finlandia - Merinahkiainen. Polonia - Minóg morski. Russo - Morskaja minoga, Morskaya minoga. Romania - Chiscar de mare. Slovacchia - Mihule morská. Slovenia - Morski piskor, Morski piškur. Croazia - Morska paklara, Paklara. Serbia - Morska paklara. Madeira - Lampreia-marinha. Albanese - Kavall deti, Peshk kavall. Malta - Buwahhal, Qalfat, Sangisug. Turchia - Derebofa baligi.

Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 i-ii + 1-824; v. 1 230. Status: nomenclatura originaria, valida. Opinioni: nomenclatura valida come "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Berg 1948:26, Vladykov 1973:2, Lee et al. 1980:35, Vladykov in Whitehead et al. 1984:67, Smith 1986:40, Robins & Ray 1986:14, Hardisty 1986:94, Lelek 1987:25, Scott & Scott 1988:6, McAllister 1990:27, Page & Burr 1991:14, Jenkins & Burkhead 1994:172, Cochran & Marks 1995:409, Mrakovcic et al. 1995:183, Chereshnev 1996:598, Bianco et al. 1996:54, Kottelat 1997:29, Murdy et al. 1997:21, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:725, Reshetnikov 1998:19, McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:36, Scott & Crossman 1998:69, Fuller et al. 1999:19, Lyons et al. 2000:46, Yamazaki & Goto 2000:8, Alexeev & Kudersky 2001:135, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002:172, Flescher & Martini in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:17 [ref. 26158], Moore et al. 2003:166 [ref. 27076], Hanel 2003:44 [ref. 27894], Nelson et al. 2004:48, Bailey et al. 2004:60, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:21, Hanel & Lusk 2005:163, Scharpf 2005:6. Lectoipo designato da Kottelat 1997:29, indicando lo specimen illustrato da Gesner 1604:590 (specimen attualmente scomparso). Località tipo: Basilea, Svizzera, per informazioni sull'originale designazione della località del lectotipo: "in mari Europaeo". Tipo: specimen illustrato da Gesner, 1604: 590, scomparso.

Lampetra marina (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 230. Status: nuova nomenclatura, non valida.

Petromyzon ruber La Cepède, 1800. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i-lxiv + 1-632; v. 2 99, 100 Pl. 1 (fig. 2). Status: nomenclatura di discutibile validità. Opinioni: dubbio sinonimo di "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758secondo Kottelat 1997:29. Località tipo: fiume Senna, Francia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo. 

Petromyzon lampetra Pallas, 1814. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones anatomen atque icones plurimorum. 3 vols. [1811-1814]. Petropoli. Zool. Rosso-Asiatica i-vii + 1-428 + index (I-CXXV); v. 3 66. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: dubbio sinonimo di "Lethenteron japonicum" (Martens 1868) -- (Holcík 1986:196 [ref. 24819]). Synonym of "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Kottelat 1997:29. Lectoipo designato da Kottelat 1997:29, indicando lo specimen illustrato da Gesner 1604:590 (specimen attualmente scomparso). Località tipo: Basilea, Svizzera. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Petromyzon adriaticus Nardo, 1847. Ex Chiereghini. Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: "Descrizione de' crostacei, de' testacei e de' pesci che abitanno le lagune e golfo veneto rappresentati in figure à chiaro-scuro ed a colori." Venezia. Sinonimia Moderna Chiereghini; col. 109. Status: nomenclatura di discutibile validità, non valida. Opinioni: nomenclatura diubbia per "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Kottelat 1997:29. Compare anche in Nardo 1860:86 ed in Ninni 1872:1. Località tipo: Quarnero (Kvarner), Croazia (stretto tra l'isola di Cres e l'Istria. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Petromyzon maculosus Gronow, 1854. Gronow in Gray 1854. Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum. London. Cat. Fish Gronow i-vii + 1-196; 2.  Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Vladykov 1973:2, Hardisty 1986:94, Kottelat 1997:29. Località tipo: "in fluminibus majoribus Angliae". Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Petromyzon marinus dorsatus Wilder, 1883. In Jordan & Gilbert, 1883. Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. i-liv + 1-1018; n° 16 869. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Vladykov 1973:2, Smith 1986:42, Hardisty 1986:95, Kottelat 1997:29, Reshetnikov 1998:19, Scott & Crossman 1998:70. Località tipo: lago Cayuga, New York, USA. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA, USNM 31368 (3).

Ammocoetes bicolor Lesueur, 1818. Description of several species of chondropterygious fishes of North America, with their varieties. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 383-394; v. 1 386. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Smith 1986:42, Hardisty 1986:94. Località tipo: fiume Connecticut , Northampton, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Petromyzon (Bathymyzon) bairdii Gill, 1883. Diagnosis of new genera and species of deep-sea fish-like vertebrates. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 253-260; v. 6 (n° 380) 254. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Vladykov 1973:2, Hardisty 1986:95. Località tipo Corrente del Golfo, al largo di Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A., 40°02'N, 68°50'30"W, Albatross sta. 2048, 547 fm. Tipo: USNM 33311.

Oceanomyzon wilsoni Fowler, 1908. Notes on lancelets and lampreys. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 461-466; v. 59 (per il 1907) 462 Fig. 1. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Vladykov 1973:2, Hardisty 1986:95. Catalogo: Böhlke 1984:140. Località tipo: Oceano Atlantico. Tipo: ANSP 375.

Petromyzon americanus Lesueur, 1818. Description of several species of chondropterygious fishes of North America, with their varieties. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 383-394; v. 1 382. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Smith 1986:42, Hardisty 1986:94. Località tipo: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Petromyzon marinus unicolor Gage, 1928. The lampreys of New York State--Life history and economics. In: A biological survey of the Oswego River system. Supplement to seventeenth annual report, 1927, State of New York Conservation department, Albany. 248 pp., 12 pls., 7 maps. Oswego R. Biological Survey 158 - 191; 163 Fig 1; Pls. 1 - 2. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Vladykov 1973:2, Hardisty 1986:95, Scott & Crossman 1998:70. Località tipo: Cayuga, Seneca, laghi Ontario ed Erie. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Petromyzon maximus Cuvier, 1816. Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annélides. Edition 1. Règne Animal (ed. 1) i-xviii + 1-532; v. 2 118. Errore di stampa per Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus 1758, nomenclatura non valida.

Petromyzon nigricans Lesueur, 1818. Description of several species of chondropterygious fishes of North America, with their varieties. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 383-394; v. 1 385. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Petromyzon marinus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Vladykov 1973:2, Hardisty 1986:94. Catalogo: Bertin 1939:65. Località tipo: Nord America. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: MNHN A-8039 (1).

Note sulla nomenclatura - Holcík (1986: 119, 198) considera che Petromyzon lampetra, Pallas (1814: 66), sia basato sulle specie L. japonicum e Caspiomyzon wagneri (Kessler, 1870). Se ciò fosse corretto, si sarebbe trovato un nome valido per una di queste specie. Attualmente P. lampetra è basato sui primi resoconti (Marsili, 1726: pl. 1 [Lampetra], Linnaeus, 1766: 394 [Petromyzon marinus], Bloch, 1784: 38 pl. 87 [Die Lamprete (Petromyzon marinus)], Pennant, 1776: vol. 3: 67 n. 27, pl. 8 [Sea-lamprey]). Questo nome apparentemente include due specie, come le specie danubiane di Marsili, che non sembrano essere conspecifiche con il materiale degli altri autori. Maurice Kottelat, al cui lavoro facciamo riferimento, restringe la scelta del nome a quello citato nel lavoro di Linneo (1766), questo è lo stesso testo della descrizione originale di Linneo (1758: 230) di Petromyzon marinus. Poiché nel lavoro non c'è materiale tipo per entrambe le specie, lo specimen illustrato da Gesner (1604: 590 [riferimento di pagina in Linnaeus, 1758]) vi è designato come lectotipo di P. marinus, Linnaeus, 1758 e di P. lampetra, Pallas, 1814; ciò designa P. lampetra come un sinonimo di P. marinus Linnaeus, 1758 e restringe la località tipo. Gesner afferma esplicitamente che lo specimen da lui illustrato è proveniente da Basel, in Svizzera. Il lectotipo è perduto (probabilmente non è stato ben preservato). Petromyzon maximus in Cuvier (1816: 118) è un errore di stampa per P. marinus, ma il nome è stato ripetuto per diversi secoli dagli autori francesi (e.g., Ogérien, 1863: 374, fig. 87).

Fonti bibliografiche principali - Hardisty, M. W., 1986. Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus 1758). p. 94-116. In J. Holcík (ed.) The Freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 1, Part 1. Petromyzontiformes.

Bibliografia - Alegre, M., J. Lleonart and J. Veny, 1992 Espècies pesqueres d'interès comercial. Nomenclatura oficial catalana. Departament de Cultura, Generalitat Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

Allardi, J. and P. Keith, 1991 Atlas préliminaire des poissons d'eau douce de France. Coll. Patrimoines Naturels, vol. 4. Secrétariat Faune Flore, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. 234 p.

Anon., 1996 Fish collection database of the University of British Columbia Fish Museum Fish Museum University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Anon., 1997 Fish registrations within the museum database of the Vertebrate Section of the Royal Museum for Central Africa. MRAC, Tervuren, Belgium.

Anon., 1999 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)).

Anon., 1999 Systematic list of Estonian fishes. World Wide Web Electronic Publication, 14 January 2000.

Anon., 2000 Fish collection database of the Intitut fur Seefischerei (ISH). BIOLAB Forschungsinstitut, Hohenwestedt, Germany.

Anon., 2000 Fish collection database of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa.

Anon., 2000 The ichthyological collection of the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Division of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH).

Anon., 2001 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.

Anon., 2001 Fish collection database of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen.

Anon., 2002 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA.

Anon., 2003 Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum.

Arkhipchuk, V. V., 1999 Chromosome database. Database of Dr. Victor Arkhipchuk.

Baillie, J. and B. Groombridge (eds.), 1996 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 378 p.

Bainbridge, R., 1960 Speed and stamina in three fish. J. Exp. Biol. 37(1):129-153.

Baruš, V. and O. Oliva (eds.), 1995 Mihulovci a ryby. Fauna R a SR. (Cyclostomata and fishes. Fauna of Czech Republic and Slovakia). sv. 28 Academia Praha.

Beamish, F. W. H., 1973 Oxygen consumption of adult Petromyzon marinus in relation to body weight and temperature. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30:1367-1370.

Bigelow, H. B. and W. C. Schroeder, 1948 Cyclostomes. p. 29-58. In J. Tee-Van et al. (eds.) Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Part one. New Haven, Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ.

Bilecenoglu, M., E. Taskavak S. Mater and M. Kaya, 2002 Checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Zootaxa (113):1-194.

Billard, R., 1997 Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne, Delachaux & Niestlé, 192p.

Blanc, M., J. L. Gaudet, P. Banarescu and J. C. Hureau, 1971 European inland water fish. A multilingual catalogue. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London.

Bristow, P., 1992 The illustrated encyclopedia of fishes. Chancellor Press, London.

Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung, 2003 Verzeichnis der Handelsbezeichnungen für Erzeugnisse der Fischerei und der Aquakultur. Retrieved 17 June 2003, from http://www.ble.de.

Carlander, K. D., 1969 Handbook of freshwater fishery biology, volume 1. The Iowa State University Press, Ames. Iowa.

Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 2003 Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. http://zzzy.fishinfo.cn

Coker, G. A., C. B. Portt and C. K. Minns, 2001 Morphological and ecological characteristics of Canadian freshwater fishes. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. n° 2554. 89p.

Collares-Pereira, M. J., I. G. Cowx, F. Ribeiro, J. A. Rodrigues and L. Rogado, 2000 Threats imposed by water resource development schemes on the conservation of endangered fish species in the Guadiana River Basin in Portugal. Fish. Manage. Ecol. 7: 167-178.

Costa, F., 1991 Atlante dei pesci dei mari italiani. Gruppo Ugo Mursia Editore S.p.A. Milano, Italy. 438 p.

Coull, K. A., A. S. Jermyn, A. W. Newton, G. I. Henderson and W. B. Hall, 1989 Length/weight relationships for 88 species of fish encountered in the North Atlantic. Scottish Fish. Res. Rep. (43):80 p.

Crespo, J., J. Gajate and R. Ponce, 2001 Clasificación científica e identificación de nombres vernáculos existentes en la base de datos de seguimiento informático de recursos naturales oceánicos. Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Madrid, Spain.

Dolgov, A. V., 2000 New data on composition and distribution of the Barents Sea ichthyofauna. ICES CM2000/Mini:12, 12p.

Ecomarg Project, 2006 Biodiversity: Cantabrian Sea, Galician Shelf and Le Danois Bank. Ecomarg Project (ecomarg.net).

Economidis, P. S., 1973 Catalogue of the fishes of Greece. Reprinted from Hellenic Oceanology and Limnology, Praktika of the Inst. of Ocean. and Fishing Research, vol. 11 (1972).

Eschmeyer, W.N., 1997 PISCES. Eschmeyer's PISCES database as published on the Internet in June 1997.

Farmer, J. G., 1980 Biology and physiology of feeding in adult lampreys. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:1751-1761.

Frier, J. O., 1994 Danmark. Danske ferskvandsfisk og deres udbredelsesområde. p. 4-6, 83-99. In J.-O. Frier (ed.) Truede ferskvandsfiskearter i Norden. TemaNord 1994:625. Nordisk Ministerråd, København.

Fritzsch, B. and P. Moller, 1995 A history of electroreception. p. 39-55. In P. Moller (ed.) Electric fishes: history and behavior. Fish and Fisheries Series 17. Chapman & Hall, London.

Fuiman, L. A., 1982 Family Petromyzontidae, lampreys. p. 23-37. In N.A. Auer (ed.) Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Special Publ. 82-3, 744 p.

Gallant, J., C. Harvey-Clark, R.A. Myers and M. J. W. Stokesbury, 2006 Sea lamprey attached to a Greenland shark in the St. Lawrence estuary, Canada. Northeastern Naturalist 13(1):35-38.

Gelosi, E., P. T. Colombari, M. Formichi and A. Leoni, 1992 Pisces: compendio grafico dei pesci a'acqua dolce. Agenzia Nazionale Italiana del Centro Naturopa Ministero Agricoltura e Foreste Gabinetto U. R. I. 64 p.

Gerstmeier, R. and T. Romig, 1998 Die Süßwasserfische Europas: für Naturfreunde und Angler. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 368 p.

Grabda, E. and T. Heese, 1991 Polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby. Cyclostomata et Pisces. Wyzsza Szkola Inzynierska w Koszalinie. Koszalin, Poland. 171 p.

Günther, A., 1853 Die Fische des Neckars. Verlag von Ebner & Seubert, Stuttgart, Germany.136 p.

Haedrich, R. L. and N. R. Merrett, 1988 Summary atlas of deep-living demersal fishes in the North Atlantic Basin. J. Nat. Hist. 22:1325-1362.

Hanel, L., 2003 Komentovaný prehled mihulí a ryb ceské republiky. Bull. Lampetra V: 27-67.

Hardisty, M. W., 1986 Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus 1758). p. 94-116. In J. Holcík (ed.) The Freshwater fishes of Europe. Vol. 1, Part 1. Petromyzontiformes.

Hartmann, G.L., 1827 Helvetische Ichthyologie, oder ausführliche Naturgeschichte der in der Schweiz sich vorfindenden Fische. Orell, Füßli und Compagnie, Zürich, Switzerland.

Hugg, D.O., 1996 MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater, Maryland, USA.

Hureau, J. C., 1991 La base de données GICIM : Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris.

Iacob, L. and I. Dima, 2006 Regnul Animalia. Eukarya. Enciclopedia Florei si Faunei din Romania.

Joensen, J. S. and Å. Vedel Tåning, 1970 Marine and freshwater fishes. Zoology of the Faroes LXII - LXIII, 241 p. Reprinted form.

Jonsson, G., 1992 Islenskir fiskar. Fiolvi, Reykjavik, 568 pp.

Keith, P. and J. Allardi (coord.), 2001 Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de France. Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Patrimoines naturels, 47:1-387.

Keith, P., J. Allardi and B. Moutou, 1992 Livre rouge des espèces menacées de poissons d'eau douce de France et bilan des introductions. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Secrétariat de la Faune et de la Flore, Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, CEMAGREF and Ministère de l'Environment, 111 p.

Klinkhardt, M, M. Tesche and H. Greven, 1995 Database of fish chromosomes. Westarp Wissenschaften.

Koli, L., 1990 Suomen kalat. [Fishes of Finland] Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. Helsinki. 357 p.

Kotlyar, A. N., 1984 Dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. All Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow. 288 p.

Kottelat, M., 1997 European freshwater fishes. Biologia 52, Suppl. 5: 1-271.

Krueger, C. C. and G.R. Spangler., 1981 Genetic identification of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations from the Lake Superior basin. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38:1832-1837.

Krueger, C. C., 1980 Detection of variability at isozyme loci in sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37:1630-1634.

Kullander, S.O., 1999 Swedish fishes: checklist of Swedish fishes. Swedish Museum of Natural History. http://www.nrm.se/ve/pisces/allfish.shtml.en, 25 May 1999.

Lanfranco, G. G., 1993 The fish around Malta. Progress Press Co., Ltd., Malta.

Leach, W. J., 1946 Oxygen consumption of lampreys, with special reference to metamorphosis and phylogenetic position. Physiol. Zool. 19:365-374.

Linnaeus, C., 1758 Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordinus, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. 824 p.

Lusk, S. and L. Hanel, 2000 The Red List of lampreys and fishes in the Czech Republic - Version 2000. Biodiverzita ichtyofauny CR(III):5-13.

Lusk, S., L. Hanel and V. Lusková, 2004 Red list of the ichthyofauna of the Czech Republic: Development and present status. Folia Zool. 53 (2) 215-226.

Maitland, P. S. and R. N. Campbell, 1992 Freshwater fishes of the British Isles. HarperCollins Publishers, London.368 p.

McClanes, A. J. (ed.), 1974 Field guide to freshwater fishes of North America. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. 212 p.

Miniconi, R., 1994 Les poissons et la peche en Mediterranee: la Corse. (2 volumes). Lain Piazzila & La Mage, Ajaccio, Corsica. 505 p.

Mouritsen, R., 2004 Fiskanøvn. www.frs.fo/frame2.htm

Muus, B. and P. Dahlström, 1978 Meeresfische der Ostsee, der Nordsee, des Atlantiks. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 244 p.

Muus, B. J. and J. G. Nielsen, 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p.

Muus, B. J. and P. Dahlström, 1968 Süßwasserfische. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. 224 p.

Muus, B. J. and P. Dahlstrøm, 1989 Havfisk og Fiskeri i Nordvesteuropa. GEC Gads Forlag, København, 244 p.

Muus, B., F. Salomonsen and C. Vibe, 1990 Grønlands fauna (Fisk, Fugle, Pattedyr). Gyldendalske Boghandel, Nordisk Forlag A/S København, 464 p.

Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlstrøm, 1990 Europas ferskvandsfisk. GEC Gads Forlag, København. 224p.

Ndoc, R. and A. Flloko, 1995 Iktiofauna e Shqiperise. Shtepia botuese "Libri Universitar", Tirana, Albania.

Nelson, J. S., E. J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, and J.D. Williams, 2004 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland.

Nielsen, J. G. and E. Bertelsen, 1992 Fisk i grønlandske farvande. Atuakkiorfik, Nuuk. 65 s.

Nijssen, H. and S. J. de Groot., 1974 Catalogue of fish species of the Netherlands. Beaufortia 21(285):173-207. Winberg, G.G., 1960 Rate of metabolism and food requirements of fishes. In: F. E. J. Fry and W. E. Ricker (eds.) Translation Series n° 194. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C.

Nursall, J. R., 1962 Swimming and the origin of paired appendages. Am. Zool. 2:127-141.

Ojaveer, E. and E. Pihu, 2003 Estonian natural fish waters. p. 15-27. In: E. Ojaveer, E. Pihu and T. Saat (eds.) Fishes of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1990 Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. Fishing News Books, Oxford.

Page, L. M. and B. M. Burr, 1991 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p.

Piavis, G. W. and J. H. Howell, 1969 Rearing of sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, embryos in distilled water. Copeia 1969(1):204-205.

Plikss, M., 2002 Fish of Latvia http://latvijas.daba.lv/scripts/db/saraksti/saraksti.cgi?d=zivis&l=en.

Potter, E. C. and B. Rothwell, 1970 The mitotic chromosomes of the lamprey, Petromyzon marimus L. Experientia 26:340-429.

Quignard, J. P. and J. A. Tomasini, 2000 Mediterranean fish biodiversity. Biol. Mar. Mediterr. 7(3): 1-66.

Rass, T. S., 1983 Fish. Vol. 4, Life of animals. V. E. Sokolov (ed.), Moscow: Prosveschenie. 575p.

Renaud, C. B., 1997 Conservation status of Northern Hemisphere lampreys (Petromyzontidae). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 13(3):143-148.

Reshetnikov, Y. S., N. G. Bogutskaya, E. D. Vasil'eva, E. A. Dorofeeva, A. M. Naseka, O. A. Popova, K. A. Savvaitova, V. G. Sideleva and L. I. Sokolov, 1997 An annotated check-list of the freshwater fishes of Russia. J. Ichthyol. 37(9):687-736.

Ribeiro, F., R. Beldade, M. Dix and J. Bochechas, 2005 Carta piscícola Nacional Direcçao Geral dos Recursos Florestais-Fluviatilis, Lda. http://www.fluviatilis.com/dgf/?nologin=true.

Ricker, W. E., 1973 Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.

Riede, K., 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p.

Robins, C. R. and G. C. Ray, 1986 A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p.

Robins, C. R., R. M. Bailey, C. E. Bond, J. R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea and W. B. Scott, 1980 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.

Robins, C. R., R. M. Bailey, C. E. Bond, J. R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea and W. B. Scott, 1991 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.

Rochard, E. and P. Elie, 1994 La macrofaune aquatique de l'estuaire de la Gironde. Contribution au livre blanc de l'Agence de l'Eau Adour Garonne. p. 1-56. In J. L. Mauvais and J. F. Guillaud (eds.) État des connaissances sur l'estuaire de la Gironde. Agence de l'Eau Adour-Garonne, Éditions Bergeret, Bordeaux, France. 115 p.

Sanches, J. G., 1989 Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalizaçao estatística). Publicaçoes avulsas do I.N.I.P. n° 14. 322 p.

Scott, W. B. and M. G. Scott, 1988 Atlantic fishes of Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219: 731 p.

Scott, W. B., and S. N.Tibbo, 1968 Food and feeding habits of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the western north Atlantic. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25(5):903-919.

Smolian, K., 1920 Merkbuch der Binnenfischerei. Fischereiförderung GmbH, Berlin, Germany, p. 449, XXV.

Soljan, T., 1975 I pesci dell'Adriatico Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Verona, Italy.

Spratte, S and U. Hartmann, 1997 Fischartenkataster: Süßwasserfische und Neunaugen in Schleswig-Holstein. Ministerium für ländliche Räume, Landwirtschaft, Ernährung und Tourismus, Kiel Germany. 183 p.

Suvatti, C., 1981 Fishes of Thailand. Royal Institute of Thailand, Bangkok. 379 p.

Swedish Museum of Natural History, 1999 NRM Ichthyology collection database. Ichthyology Section, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.

Thiel, R., H. Cabral and M. J. Costa, 2003 Composition, temporal changes and ecological guild classification of the ichthyofaunas of large European estuaries - a comparison between the Tagus (Portugal) and the Elbe (Germany). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 19(5): 330-342.

Thurston, R. V. and P. C. Gehrke., 1993 Respiratory oxygen requirements of fishes: description of OXYREF, a data file based on test results reported in the published literature. p. 95-108. In R.C. Russo & R.V. Thurston (eds.) Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality Management. Proceedings of an International Symposium, Sacramento, California, USA, September 18-19, 1990. US Environmental Protection Agency EPA/600/R-93/157.

Vasil'ev, V. P., 1980 Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3):1-38.

Vilcinskas, A., 1993 Einheimische Süsswasserfische: Alle Arten: Merkmale, Verbreitung, Lebensweise. Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg, Germany, 207 p.

Vladykov, V. D., 1979 Petromyzonidae. p. 2-5. In J.C. Hureau and Th. Monod (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1.

Vladykov, V. D., 1984 Petromyzonidae. p. 64-67. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J. C. Hureau, J. Nielsen, and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1.

Went, A. E. J., 1957 List of Irish fishes. Department of Lands, Fisheries Division, Dublin. 31 p.

Wigley, R. L., 1959 Life history of the sea lamprey of Caygua Lake, New York. Fish. Bull. U.S. 59(154):561-617.

Winkler, H. M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin and H. Jespersen, 2000 Checklist and status of fish species in the Baltic Sea. ICES CM 2000/Mini:11, 15 p.

Wonham, M. J., J. T. Carlton, G. M. Ruiz and L. D. Smith, 2000 Fish and ships: relating dispersal frequency to success in biological invasions. Mar. Biol. 136(6):1111-1121.

Zaneveld, J. S., 1983 Caribbean Fish Life. Index to the local and scientific names of the marine fishes and fishlike invertebrates of the Caribbean area (Tropical Western Central Atlantic Ocean) E.J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys, Leiden, 163p.