Il pelobate fosco, Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768)

Nomi comuni esteri - Spagnolo - Sapo de espuelas pardo. Francese - Pélobate brun. Inglese - Common Spadefoot. Tedesco - Knoblauchkröte. Svezia - Lökgroda. Norvegia - Løkfrosk. Finlandia - Kaivajasammakko. Danimarca - Almindelig løgfrø. Olanda - Knoflookpad. Croazia - Češnjača. Serbia - Obična češnjarka, Ašov - žaba. Slovenia - Navadna česnovka. Polonia - Grezbiuszka ziemna. Ungheria - Barna ásóbéka. Repubblica Ceca - Blatnice skvrnitá. Slovacchia - Hrabavka škvrnitá. Romania - Broasca de pamant. Bulgaria - Обикновена чесновница.

Classificazione - Regno: Animalia. Sottoregno: Eumetazoa. Phylum: Chordata. Subphylum: Vertebrata. Superclasse: Gnathostomata. Classe: Amphibia. Sottoclasse: Lissamphibia. Ordine: Anura. Sottordine: Amonocoela. Famiglia: Pelobatidae. Genere: Pelobates.

Bufo fuscus Laurenti, 1768, Spec. Med. Exhib. Synops. Rept.: 28, 122. Materiale tipo: a p. 28 della pubblicazione originale, dovrebbe essere il rospo illustrato da Roesel von Rosenhof, 1758, Hist. Nat. Ran. Nost.: pl. 17, 18 , ma a p. 122 Laurenti segnala che il rospo è illustrato in Roesel a pl. 15 e 18. Località tipo:"habitat in paludibus"; ristretta a "Wien", Austria, da Mertens & Müller, 1928, Abh. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., 41: 18.
Rana vespertina Pallas, 1771, Reise Vers. Prov. Russ. Reich, 1: 458. Materiale tipo: non indicato. Località tipo: non indicata; data come "Sibiria" da Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 225; data come fiume Sarbai nell'area del villaggio di Ilmen, Samara (Kuibyschew), Russia dal Kuzmin, 1999, Amph. Former Soviet Union: 212. Sinonimia di Fatio, 1872, Fauna Vert. Suisse, 3: 376; Schreiber, 1875, Herpetol. Eur.: 90; Kuzmin, 1996, Adv. Amph. Res. Former Soviet Union, 1: 54.
Rana fusca Meyer, 1795, Synops. Rept. Nov. Sist. Gen. Method.: 10.
Bufo vespertinus Schneider, 1799, Hist. Amph. Nat.: 225.
Rana alliacea Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 146. Olotipo: animale raffigurato a p. 41 of Shaw, 1802, Gen. Zool., 3(1): 41. Località tipo: vicinanze di Nürnberg, Germania. Sinonimia di Bonaparte, 1840, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 2: 444; Duméril & Bibron, 1841, Erp. Gen., 8: 478; Fatio, 1872, Fauna Vert. Suisse, 3: 376; Camerano, 1884 "1883", Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 35: 217; Schreiber, 1875, Herpetol. Eur.: 90.
Bombinator fuscus Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Class. Rept.: 65.
Bombina fusca Sturm, 1828, Deutschl. Fauna, Amph.: 36.
Bombina marmorata Sturm, 1828, Deutschl. Fauna, Amph.: pl. Materiale tipo: non indicato, ma include esemplari illustrati nell'originale. Località tipo: Penig, Germania. Sinonimia di Bonaparte, 1840, Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, 2: 444; Günther, 1859 "1858", Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus.: 40; Schreiber, 1875, Herpetol. Eur.: 90; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 437.
Pelobates fuscus Wagler, 1830, Nat. Syst. Amph.: 206. Wiegmann, 1832, in Wiegmann & Ruthe (eds.), Handbuch der Zool., Amph.: 202; Leunis, 1844, Synops. Drei Naturr., Zool., Ed. 1: 146.
Cultripes minor Müller, 1832, Isis von Oken, 25: 538. Materiale tipo: non indicato. Località tipo: "unbekannt" (= sconosciuta). Sinonimia di Schreiber, 1875, Herpetol. Eur.: 90; Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 437.
Rana cultripes cultripes Schinz, 1833, Naturgesch. Abbild Rept.: 221. per implicazione.
Rana cultripes minor Schinz, 1833, Naturgesch. Abbild Rept.: 221.
Pelobates fuscus var. lividus Koch, 1872, Ber. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., 1871-72: 154. Materiale tipo: non indicato, presumibilmente presente in origine al SMF. Località tipo: "von den Wiesen in der Nähe des Röder-Wäldchens bein Frankfurt [am Main]", Germania.
Pelobates insubricus Cornalia, 1873, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano, 16: 103. Materiale tipo: non indicato, presumibilmente presente in origine al MSNM. Località tipo: "Milano", Italia. Sinonimia di Boulenger, 1882, Cat. Batr. Sal. Coll. Brit. Mus., Ed. 2: 437.
Pelobates latifrons Herón-Royer, 1888, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 13: 85. Materiale tipo: non indicato. Località tipo: "environs de Turin", Italia. Sinonimia di Peracca, 1888, Boll. Mus. Zool. Anat. Comp. Univ. Torino, 3: 1 - 6. In sinonimia con Pelobates insubricus di Boulenger, 1890, Zool. Rec., 25: 27; e con Pelobates fuscus di Schultze, 1891, Jahresber. Abhandl. Naturwiss. Ver. Magdeburg, 1890: 174.
Pelobates fusca var. marmorata Prazák, 1898, Zool. Jahrb., Jena, Abt. Syst., 22: 216. Materiale tipo: basato su Bombina marmorata var. di Glückselig, 1851, Lotos, Prague, 1: 223. Località tipo: non indicata, ma dovrebbe essere in in Boemia.
Pelobates fuscus var. orientalis Severtsov, 1913, Periodicheskie Yavleniya v Zhizni Zhivotnykh Voronezhskoi Gubernii: 63, 99 [1950 reprint pagination]. Materiale tipo: non indicato, presumibilmente presente in origine al ZMM. Località tipo: Provincia di Voronezh, Russia.
Pelobates campestris Severtsov, 1913, Periodicheskie Yavleniya v Zhizni Zhivotnykh Voronezhskoi Gubernii: 63, 99 [1950 impaginazione di ristampa]. Sostituzione di nome per Pelobates fuscus var. orientalis Severtsov, 1913. Sinonimia di Nikolskii, 1918, Fauna Rossii, Zemnovodnye: 154.
Pelobates fuscus insubricus Mertens, 1923, Senckenb. Biol., 5: 123.
Pelobates fuscus fuscusMertens, 1923, Senckenb. Biol., 5: 123.
Pelobates praefuscus Khosatzky, 1985, in Negadaev-Niknov (ed.), Fauna Flora Late Caenozoic Moldavia: 59 - 72. Olotipo: ZISP 21N RNA M-1 (frontoparietale), per designazione originaria. Località tipo: Etuliya, Moldova [fossile del Pliocene]. Sinonimia di Sanchíz, 1998, Handb. Palaeoherpetol., 4: 122.

Fonti bibliografiche principali - Andreone, F. 2000. Pelobates fuscus insubricus: distribuzione, biologia e conservazione di un taxon minacciato. Piano d'Azione - Action Plan. Progetto LIFE-NATURA 1998; Azioni urgenti per la conservazione di Pelobates fuscus insubricus; n. B4-3200/98/486. Relazione al WWF Italia e alla Comunità Europea.

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