Il carassio, Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758)

Nomi dialettali italiani - Romagna - Goba. Toscana - Carassio, Zoccolo.

Nomi comuni esteri - Spagnolo - Carpin, Tiburón blanco. Portoghese - Pimpao, Pimpão-comum. Greco - Petaloúda. Francese - Carache, Carassin, Carouche, Carpe à la lune, Carreau, Cyprin, Gardon carpé, Meule. Inglese - Crucian, Crucian carp, English carp, Gibele, Golden carp, Yakut crucian carp. Tedesco - Bauernkarpfen, Gareisel, Gareisl, Karausche, Moorkarpfen, Schneiderkarpfen. Olandese - Kroeskarper, Steenkarper. Danese - Karuds, Karudse, Karusse, Søkaruds, Søkarusse. Svedese - Ruda. Norvegese - Karuss. Finnico - Ruutana. Russo - Karas' obyknovennyi, Karas zvychajnyi, Kruglyi, Obyknovennyi karas. Polacco - Karas, Karas pospolity. Repubblica Ceca - Karas obecny, Karas obycajny, Karas bahenní. Slovacchia - Karas obycajný. Ungheria - Kárász. Rumeno - Caracuda, Caracuda rotunda, Garasita, Caras. Albanese - Karasi. Serbo - Karas. Sloveno - Koreselj. Turco - Havuz baligi, Kirmizi balik. Etiopia - Bilcaa, Bilcha. Giapponese - Funa. India - Gang gad. Nepal - Rato machha.

Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 321. Sinonimo senior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN valida.

Cyprinus carassius Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 321. Status: nomenclatura originaria, non valida. Opinioni: nomenclatura valida come "Carassius carassius" (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Berg 1949:821, Chen & Huang 1977:431, Lelek 1987:168, Pequeño 1989:40, Talwar & Jhingran 1991:162, Coad 1995:15, Zhu 1995:99, Economidis 1995:208, Mrakovcic et al. 1995:184, Chereshnev 1996:599, Coad 1996:84, Kottelat 1997:51, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:736, Bogutskaya 1998:92, Kullander et al. 1999:108, Fricke 1999:23, Fuller et al. 1999:56, Luo & Yue in Yue 2000:427, Bogutskaya et al. 2001:44, Szczerbowski & Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:43, Hanel 2003:53, Seegers et al. 2003:33, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:60, Vassilev & Pehlivanov 2005:168. Neotipo designato da Fricke 1999:23, ma ritirato in Fricke 2000:639. "Cyrinus carassus" presente nelle prime fonti di letteratura è errore di ortografia. Località tipo: stagni d'Europa. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Carassius carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 321. Sinonimo senior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Carassius gibelio (non Bloch, 1782). Errore d'identificazione, nomenclatura Iczn non valida.

Cyprinus moles Agassiz, 1835. Status: nomen nudum, nomenclatura non valida.

Cyprinus charax Lesniewski, 1837. Rybactwo krajowe czyli historyja naturalna ryb krajowych. I. Kalendarz Rybacki. Zawadzdi & Wecki, Warsaw. Nat. Hist. Inland Fish 360 pp.; 53. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51, Szczerbowski & Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:43. Località tipo: Polonia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Carassius charax (Lesniewski, 1837). Nat. Hist. Inland Fish 53. Sinonimo junior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.  Nuova nomenclatura per "Cyprinus charax" Lesniewski, 1837, vedere sopra.

Carassius humilis Heckel, 1837. Ichthyologische Beiträge zu den Familien der Cottoiden, Scorpaenoiden, Gobioiden und Cyprinoiden. Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturges. 143-164; v. 2 156 Pl. 9 (fig. 4). Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Berg 1949:821, Lelek 1987:168, Kottelat 1997:51, Szczerbowski & Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:43. Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), ma spesso trattato come forma distinta "humilis" Heckel 1837, per Szczerbowski & Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:45. Località tipo: lago nella Piana della Stippa, Palermo, Sicilia, Italia. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: (15) NMW 56108 (8).

Carassius moles Nordmann, 1840. Nomen nudum, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Carassius vulgaris Nordmann, 1840. Observations sur la fauna pontique. In: A. de Démidoff. Voyage dans la Russie méridionale et la Crimée. Vol. III. Paris. Voyage Russie Mérid. 353-635; 479. Sostituzione, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Cambio di nome non necessario per "Cyprinus carassius" Linnaeus 1758. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Berg 1949:821, Szczerbowski & Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:43.

Cyprinus gibelioides Cantor, 1842. General features of Chusan, with remarks on the flora and fauna of that island. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (N. S.) 265-278, 361-370, 481-493; v. 9 485. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Chen & Huang 1977:432. Sinonimo di Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758), per Luo & Yue in Yue 2000:429. Sinonimo di Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758), sottospecie "auratus" (Linnaeus 1758), per Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:5. Località tipo: isola di Chusan, Cina. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Cyprinus moles Valenciennes, 1842. (ex Agassiz) In Cuvier & Valenciennes. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome seizième. Livre dix-huitième. Les Cyprinoïdes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i-xx + 1-472; v. 16 89. Comparso come nomen nudum in Agassiz 1835:37; anche in Nordmann 1840:480. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51. Catalogo: Bertin & Estève 1948:11. Località tipo: bacino del fiume Danubio. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: MNHN 3406 (2).

Cyprinus moles Selys-Longchamps, 1842. Faune belge. Première partie. Indication méthodique des mammifères, oiseaux, reptiles et poissons, observés jusqu'ici en Belgique. Faune Belge i-xii + 1-310; 200. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Independente da e comparso più tardi di "Cyprinus moles" Valenciennes 1842 (vedere Kottelat 1997:51). Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51, Szczerbowski & Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:43. Località tipo: Longchamps, Belgium.

Carassius linnaei Bonaparte, 1845. Catalogo metodico dei Ciprinidi d'Europa, e rilievi sul volume XVII dell'istoria naturale dei pesci del Sig. Valenciennes. Milano. Cat. Ciprinidi 1-20; 3. Anche in Bonaparte 1846:27. Sostituzione, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Cambio di nome non necessario per "Cyprinus carassius" Linnaeus 1758. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51.

Carassius coeruleus Basilewsky, 1855. Ichthyographia Chinae Borealis. Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Natur. Moscou 215-263; v. 10 229 Pl. 9 (fig. 2). Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Chen & Huang 1977:432. Sinonimo di Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758), per Luo & Yue in Yue 2000:429. Località tipo: nord della Cina. Tipo: nessun tipo al ZIN.

Carassius discolor Basilewsky, 1855. Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Natur. Moscou v. 10 229. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Chen & Huang 1977:432. Sinonimo di Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758), per Luo & Yue in Yue 2000:429. Località tipo: nord della Cina. Tipo: nessun tipo al ZIN.

Carassius pekinensis Basilewsky, 1855. Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Natur. Moscou v. 10 229 Pl. 3 (fig. 3). Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Chen & Huang 1977:432. Sinonimo di Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758), per Luo & Yue in Yue 2000:429. Località tipo: Beijing [Pechino], Cina. Tipo: nessun tipo al ZIN.

Cyprinus gibelio minutus Kessler, 1856. Natural history of the provinces belonging to the Kiev educational district. Fishes. Kiev. Nat. Hist. Kiev. Dist. 1-98; 42. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Berg 1949:821, Kottelat 1997:51, Bogutskaya 1998:92, Szczerbowski & Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:43. Località tipo: piccoli stagni nei pressi di Kiev, Ucarina. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: ZIN 7192 (? non presente nel 1997).

Carassius gibelio minutus (Kessler, 1856). Nat. Hist. Kiev. Dist. 42. Sinonimo junior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Nuova nomenclatura per "Cyprinus gibelio minutus" Kessler, 1856.

Carassius oblongus Heckel & Kner, 1858. Die Süsswasserfische der Österreichischen Monarchie, mit Rücksicht auf die angränzenden Länder. Leipzig. Süsswasserfische Osterr. Monarchie i-xii + 1-388; 73 Fig. 33. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Berg 1949:821, Kottelat 1997:51, Szczerbowski & Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:43. Località tipo: vicinanze di Lvov e fiume Stryi, Ucraine. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: NMW 56106 (2), ?56133 (1).

Carassius vulgaris gibbosus Walecki, 1863. Materyaly do fauny ichtyologicznéj Polski. Biblioteka Warszawska. Wiadomosci Z Nauk 325-364; v. 4 358. Nomenclatura infrasubspecifica non disponibile, non valida secondo ICZN. Opinioni - In sinonimia di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51.

Carassius vulgaris subventrosus Walecki, 1863. Wiadomosci Z Nauk v. 4 358. Nomenclatura infrasubspecifica non disponibile, non valida secondo ICZN. Opinioni - In sinonimia di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51.

Carassius linnei Malm, 1877. Göteborgs och Bohusläns fauna, Ryggradsdjuren. Göteborg. Göteborgs Bohusläns Fauna 1-674; 556. Sostituzione, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Cambio di nome non necessario per "Cyprinus carassius" Linnaeus 1758. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51. Originariamente scritto "Linnéi".

Carassius linnei lacustrus Malm, 1877. Göteborgs Bohusläns Fauna 556. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Considerata da Kottelat 1997:51 nomenclatura infrasubspecifica e non disponibile. Opinioni - In sinonimia di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51, Szczerbowski & Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:43. Provenienza del materiale: fiume Goeta Elf nei pressi di Göteborg, Tingstad, Göteborg, Svezia.

Carassius linnei piscinarum Malm, 1877. Göteborgs Bohusläns Fauna 556. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Status- Considerata da Kottelat 1997:51 nomenclatura infrasubspecifica e non disponibile. Opinioni - In sinonimia di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51. Provenienza del materiale: Göteborg, Svezia e Copenhagen, Danimarca.

Carassius auratus wui Tchang, 1930. Contribution à l'étude morphologique, biologique et taxonomique des Cyprinidés du Bassin du Yangtze. Thèsis Facult. Sci. Univ. Paris (Ser. A) 1-159; No. 209 (order no. 233) 65. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Chen & Huang 1977:432. Sinonimo di Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Luo & Yue in Yue 2000:430. Catalogo: Bertin & Estève 1948:12. Località tipo: Chekiang, Cina. Tipo: MNHN 1934-0014.

Carassius carassius jacuticus Kirillov, 1956. Vodoemy Yakutii i ikh ryby. Yakutsk. Nomenclatura discutibile, non valida per ICZN. Opinioni - Discutibile sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51. Sinonimo di Carassius carassius (Linnaeus 1758), ma valida sottospecie, per Chereshnev 1996:599, Chereshnev et al. 2001:41 (datato 1972), Fedorov et al. 2003:25. Sinonimo di Carassius auratus (Linnaeus 1758), sottospecie "gibelio" (Bloch 1783), secondo Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:6. Originale non visionato. Preso da Kottelat 1997:51 che ha trovato il nome in Kirillov 1962. Vedere anche Bogutskaya 1998:92.

Note sulla sistematica - Il carassio risulta affine alla carpa, Cyprinus carpio, con la quale produce ibridi che talvolta sono utilizzati in piscicoltura, essendo molto robusti, resistenti alle malattie e dotati di un buon tasso di crescita; gli ibridi prodotti mediante fecondazione artificiale, sono sterili.

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