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Il pesce rosso, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)


Note sul nome scientifico - La nomenclatura valida è Carassius auratus auratus, per la presenza di varie sottospecie. Non avendo certezza su quali sottospecie siano presenti nel nostro territorio, preferiamo mantenere C. auratus.

Note sul nome italiano - I soggetti liberati in natura assumono, dopo poche generazioni, la colorazione della forma selvatica, perdendo la tinta rossa. Per questo motivo non viene più chiamato pesce rosso ma si tende a chiamarlo carassio, come C. carassius.

Nomi dialettali italiani - Romagna - Goba. Toscana - Carassio, Zoccolo.

Nomi comuni esteri - Francese - Poisson rouge, Carassin doré, Cyprin doré, Dorade de Chine. Inglese - Goldfish, Edible goldfish, Golden carp, Native carp. Spagnolo - Pez rojo, Carpa dorada, Pez dorado. Portoghese - Peixe-encarnado, Peixe dourado, Peixe encarnado. Danese - Guldfisk, Sølvkaruds, Sølvkarusse. Olandese - Goudvis. Svedese - Guldfisk. Norvegese - Karuss, Gullfisk. finnico - Kultakala. Greco - Cheisopsaro, Chryssopsaro. Russo - Zolotaja rybka, Karas, Serebryanyi karas', Chernyi teleskop. Polacco - Karas zlocisty, Karas zlocisty a. chinski. Cecoslovacco - Karas stribrity vychodoasijsky, Karas cinsky. Rumeno - Caras rosu, Caras-auriu. Ungherese - Aranyhal. Bulgaro - Zlatnakarracuda. Albanese - Peshk i kuq. Turco - Kirmizi balik. Giapponese - Kin-buna. Malese - Ikan mas. Cinese - Kam tsak, Kam ue, Ngan tsak, Tsak ue.

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Cyprinus auratus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 322. Status: nomenclatura originaria, non valida. Opinioni: nomenclatura valida come "Carassius auratus" (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Berg 1949:820, Okada 1961:526, Chen & Huang 1977:432, Mai 1978:24, Lee et al. 1980:147, Coad 1981:9, Cadwallader & Backhouse 1983:164, Wang 1984:15, Kuang in Kuang et al. 1986:143, Smith 1986:119, Lelek 1987:171, Robison & Buchanan 1988:173, Paxton et al. 1989:216, Zhou in Chu & Chen 1989:350, Paulin et al. 1989:81, Zheng et al. 1989:239, McAllister 1990:58, Tomelleri & Eberle 1990:81, Page & Burr 1991:64, Coad 1991:15, Yang 1991:198, Liu in Pan et al. 1991:229, Talwar & Jhingran 1991:161, Wu & Wu 1992:517, Boschung 1992:45, Etnier & Starnes 1993:141, Kottelat et al. 1993:33, Skelton 1993:189, Ding 1994:419, Jenkins & Burkhead 1994:275, La Rivers 1994:454, Coad 1995:14, Baxter & Stone 1995:58, Stauffer et al. 1995:61, Yang & Chen 1995:99, Cross & Collins 1995:53, Zhu 1995:99, Mrakovcic et al. 1995:184, Brumley in McDowall 1996:99, Coad 1996:84, Mettee et al. 1996:151, Sigler & Sigler 1996:66, Murdy et al. 1997:85, Kim 1997:158, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:736, Vu & Nguyen 1997:26, Bianco 1997:620, Chen in Chen 1998:259, Bogutskaya 1998:91, Castro et al. 1998:79, Scott & Crossman 1998:391, Fricke 1999:83, Smith-Vaniz et al. 1999:147, Fuller et al. 1999:53, Dyer 2000:89, Rafique 2000:324, Luo & Yue in Yue 2000:429, Kim et al. 2000:224, Lyons et al. 2000:47, Tang et al. 2001:13, Kottelat 2001:20, Pietsch et al. 2001:139, Kottelat 2001:42, Hutchins 2001:21, Ross et al. 2001:130, Bogutskaya et al. 2001:44, Wang et al. 2001:164, Bianco & Ketmaier 2001:194, Skelton 2001:189, Kim & Park 2002:55, Allen et al. 2002:360, Youn 2002:156, 501, Moyle 2002:170, Mirza 2003:12, Wydoski & Whitney 2003:120, Bailey et al. 2004:72, Nelson et al. 2004:68, Miller & Robison 2004:88, Boschung & Mayden 2004:155; nomenclatura valida come "Carassius auratus" (Linnaeus 1758), sottospecie "auratus" (Linnaeus 1758), per Cheng & Zhou 1997:185, Szczerbowski in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:5, López et al. 2003:9, Jang et al. 2003:119, Hammer & Walker 2004:91, Menni 2004:71, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:60, Mundy 2005:150. Il neotipo designato da Fricke 1999:83 non è valido; vedere Fricke 2000:639. Paepke 1999:70 considera validi i tipi per "Cyprinus auratus" var. a e var. c di Bloch 1784. Compare anche in Linnaeus 1759:252. Località tipo: Cina; fiumi del Giappone. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 322. Status: nuova nomenclatura, non valida.

Carassius carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 322. Status: nuova nomenclatura, non valida.

Carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 322. Status: nuova nomenclatura, valida.

Cyprinus mauritianus Bennett, 1832. Observations on a collection of fishes from the Mauritius, presented by Mr. Telfair, with characters of new genera and species. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 165-169; (pt 1) 167. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Carassius auratus" (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Fricke 1999:83. Località tipo: Mauritius. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Cyprinus langsdorfi Valenciennes, 1842. In Cuvier & Valenciennes. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome seizième. Livre dix-huitième. Les Cyprinoïdes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i-xx + 1-472; v. 16 99. Status: provenienza dell'olotipo sconosciuta, nomenclatura non valida. Località tipo: Giappone. Tipo: collocazione attuale ignota.

Cyprinus thoracatus Valenciennes, 1842. In Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 16 97 Pl. 460. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Carassius auratus" (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Fricke 1999:83. Catalogo: Bertin & Estève 1948:11-12. Località tipo: Mauritius. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: MNHN 0849 (2), 1043 (4), 3376 (1), da 3377 a 3378 (3).

Carassius gibelioides (non Cantor, 1842). Status: errore d'identificazione, nomenclatura non valida.

Carassius encobia Bonaparte, 1845. Catalogo metodico dei Ciprinidi d'Europa, e rilievi sul volume XVII dell'istoria naturale dei pesci del Sig. Valenciennes. Milano. Cat. Ciprinidi 1-20; 3. Status: nomenclatura non disponibile, non valida. Opinioni: in sinonimia di "Carassius aurataus" (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Kottelat 1997:51.

Leuciscus auratus Mauduyt, 1849-51. Ichthyologie de la Vienne, ou tableau méthodique et descriptif des poissons qui vivent habituellement dans les eaux de ce département ou qui y remontent périodiquement et accidentellement. Bull. Soc. Acad. Agr. Sci. Arts. Poitiers 8-49; 32. Status: omonimo secondario di Cyprinus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), nomenclatura non disponibile, non valida. Opinioni: considerato come disponibile da Kottelat 1997:51.

Carassius chinensis Gronow, 1854. In Gray 1854. Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum. London. Cat. Fish Gronow i-vii + 1-196; 181. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Carassius auratus" (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Wheeler 1958:212. Catalogo: Wheeler 1958:212. Località tipo: fiumi cinesi. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: BMNH 1853.11.12.149-152 (4, pelli).

Cyprinus maillardi Guichenot, 1863. Faune ichthyologique. In: L. Maillard, Notes sur l'ile de la Réunion (Bourbon). Paris. Fauna Ichthyol. Réunion C1-C32; 2nd Partie, Annexe C. C-14. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Carassius auratus" (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Fricke 1999:83. Catalogo: Bertin & Estève 1948:12. Località tipo: isola di Réunion. Tipo: MNHN 1319 (in cattive condizioni).

Carassius auratus cantonensis Tchang, 1933. The study of Chinese cyprinoid fishes, Part I. Zool. Sinica Peiping Ser. B i-vi + 1-247; v. 2 (no. 1) 27 Fig. 8. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Carassius carassius" (Linnaeus 1758), per Chen & Huang 1977:432; sinonimo di "Carassius auratus" (Linnaeus 1758), secondo Zheng et al. 1989:239, Liu in Pan et al. 1991:229, Luo & Yue in Yue 2000:430 come "contonensis". Località tipo: Canton, Cina. Tipo: ZMFMIB 9236.

Note sulla sistematica - In passato si tendeva a non considerare questa specie come un'entità sistematica a sé stante, ma ad assimilarla a Carassius carassius o a considerarla una sottospecie di questa ultima specie. Attualmente è unanimemente accettata dagli ittiologi la presenza di due specie distinte, seppur assai simili fra loro. Come risultato di mutazioni opportunamente sfruttate in sede di selezione genetica, all'interno della specie Carassius auratus si sono costituite numerose varietà ornamentali, il cui aspetto è notevolmente diverso da quello originario dell'animale sotto il profilo cromatico e, ancor più, morfologico: con pinne enormemente sviluppate "a vela", in particolare la centrale che può apparire tripla, gli occhi telescopici rivolti in alto, completamente privi di squame (razza "Shubunkin"), ecc.

Si veda anche Carassius gibelio e Carassius carassius.

Fonti bibliografiche principali - Kottelat, M., A.J. Whitten, S.N. Kartikasari and S. Wirjoatmodjo, 1993. Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi.. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. 221 p. Pagina 33, pl. 6.

 

Distribuzione di Carassius auratus

 

La specie sembra originaria dell'estremo oriente, ma non è certa la zona. Nelle acque naturali europee, ove è stato immesso di proposito o giunto accidentalmente, risulta diffuso un po' ovunque, in alcuni casi in modo infestante. Il pesce rosso è stato immesso, con acclimatazione, nelle acque di quasi tutto il pianeta. Se si escludono le aree dove la temperatura non ne consente la sopravvivenza, si può considerare la specie ubiquitaria. Quasi ovunque la sua introduzione ha causato pesanti danni all'ecologia delle specie ittiche indigene.

 

Introduzioni di Carassius auratus
Periodo Provenienza Paese ospite Acclimatazione

prima del XVIII sec.

Brasile

Italia

si

prima del XVIII sec.

Cina

Taiwan

no

prima del XVIII sec.

ignota

Portogallo

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Lettonia

non conosciuta

non conosciuto

ignota

fiume Giordano

non conosciuta

non conosciuto

ignota

Lituania

si

non conosciuto

Cina

Indonesia

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Malesia

non conosciuta

non conosciuto

Giappone

India

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Iran

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Columbia Britannica

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Grecia

probabile

non conosciuto

ignota

Germania

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Fiji

non conosciuta

non conosciuto

ignota

Danimarca

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Repubblica Ceca

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Cipro

si

non conosciuto

Asia

Costa Rica

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Quebec

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Moldova

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Namibia

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Norvegia

probabile

non conosciuto

ignota

Zimbabwe

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Turchia

non conosciuta

non conosciuto

ignota

Ucraina

si

non conosciuto

ignota

URSS

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Gran Bretagna

si

non conosciuto

ignota

US Virgin Islands

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Uruguay

probabile

non conosciuto

ignota

Samoa Occidentali

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Sud Africa

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Slovacchia

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Pakistan

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Papua Nuova Guinea

non conosciuta

non conosciuto

ignota

Peru

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Filippine

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Polonia

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Reunion

no

non conosciuto

ignota

Russia

probabile

non conosciuto

ignota

Arabia Saudita

non conosciuta

non conosciuto

ignota

Jugoslavia

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Bielorussia

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Bulgaria

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Bolivia

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Belgio

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Austria

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Albania

si

non conosciuto

ignota

Afghanistan

si

non conosciuto

Cina

Vietnam

si

1753 - 1754

ignota

Olanda

si

1900 - 1997

Giappone

Singapore

si

1920 - 1929

Giappone

Brasile

si

1900 - 1997

Cina

Singapore

si

1950 - 1960

ignota

Kazakhstan

probabile

1966 - 1969

ignota

Iraq

si

1890 - 1899

ignota

Argentina

probabile

1864 - 1868

Australia

Nuova Zelanda

si

1864 - 1868

Gran Bretagna

Nuova Zelanda

si

1680 - 1689

Asia

USA

si

1600 - 1699

ignota

Spagna

si

1692 - 1697

Cina

Tailandia

si

1600 - 1699

Cina del sud

Francia

si

1600 - 1699

ignota

Canada

si

1856

ignota

Cile

si

1861

Francia

Madagascar

si

1872

Cina

Messico

si

1872

Francia

Messico

si

1876

ignota

Australia

si

1891

Bulgaria

Ungheria

si

1900

Cina

Hawaii

si

1914

USA

Portorico

si

1927

Germania

Romania

si

1940

USA

Colombia

si

1948

Russia

Estonia

si

1951

Mosca

Uzbekistan

si

1953

Pakistan

Bangladesh

non conosciuta

1953

Asia

Mauritius

si

1953

Madagascar

Mauritius

si

1972

Giappone

Corea

si

1976

Giappone

Cina

si

1985

Germania

Israele

no

 

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