La gambusia occidentale, Gambusia affinis  (Baird & Girard, 1853)

Nomi comuni esteri -  Francese - Gambusie, Gambouse. Spagnolo - Gambusino, Guayacón mosquito. Portoghese - Gambuzia. Grecia - Kounoupopsaro. Albania - Barkaleci. Inglese - Mosquitofish, Mosquito fish,  Western mosquitofish, Topminnow, Live-bearing tooth-carp. Tedesco - Texaskärpfling, Koboldkärpfling, Silberkärpfling. Danimarca - Gambusia, Vestlig moskitofisk. Svezia - Västlig moskitfisk. Finlandia - Moskiittokala. Polonia - Gambuzia pospolita. Federazione Russa - Gambuzija, Obyknovennaya gambuziya. Romania - Gambusia, Gambuzie. Giappone - Kadayashi. Cina - San hang ue, Dai to ue. Dialetto Tagalog (Filippine) - Isdang canal.

Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 6 390. Sinonimo senior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN valida.

Heterandria affinis Baird & Girard, 1853. Descriptions of new species of fishes collected by Mr. John H. Clark, on the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, under Lt. Col. Jas. D. Graham. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 387-390; v. 6 390. Catalogo - Böhlke 1984:143. Sinonimo senior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Nomenclatura valida come Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), sottospecie affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), vedere Kawanabe & Mizuno 1989:430, Sakai et al. 2001:89. Nomenclatura valida come Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), vedere Berg 1949:990, Okada 1961:741, Rosen & Bailey 1963:94, Lee et al. 1980:538, Alkahem & Behnke 1983:564, Cadwallader & Backhouse 1983:171, Greenfield & Wildrick 1984:931, Uyeno & Arai in Masuda et al. 1984:83, Chen in Kuang et al. 1986:184, Robins & Ray 1986:110, Smith 1986:267, Wildrick et al. 1985:1054, Robison & Buchanan 1988:338, Wooten et al. 1988:283, Paxton et al. 1989:347, Rauchenberger 1989:3, Paulin et al. 1989:146, Zheng 1989:294, McAllister 1990:126, Allen & Coates 1990:69, Page & Burr 1991:235, Coad 1991:20, Pethiyagoda 1991:190, Talwar & Jhingran 1991:756, Pan et al. in Pan et al. 1991:326, Allen et al. 1992:299, Boschung 1992:89, Singh & Yazdani 1993:200, Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:45, Skelton 1993:278, Etnier & Starnes 1993:372, La Rivers 1994:532, Warren et. al. 1994:133, Knight & Hastings 1994:150, Baxter & Stone 1995:216, Yang & Chen 1995:106, Coad 1995:26, Cross & Collins 1995:179, Zhu 1995:160, Mrakovcic et al. 1995:185, Haro et al. 1996:6, Chilcott & Humphries 1996:147, Mettee et al. 1996:479, Sigler & Sigler 1996:227, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:746, McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:922, Castro et al. 1998:79, Sato et al. 1998:38, Manimekalan 1998:440, Rema Devi & Raghunathan 1999:157, Rema Devi & Raghunathan 1999:172, Walters & Freeman 2000:555, Rema Devi et al. 1999:160, Parenti 1999:2200, Fuller et al. 1999:304, Ruiz-Campos et al. 2000:77, Nakabo 2000:546, Rafique 2000:326, Azeroual et al. 2000:20, Lyons et al. 2000:67, Matsuura et al. 2000:193, Ghedotti 2000:38, Kottelat 2001:144, Hutchins 2001:24, Gabrielyan 2001:28, Ross et al. 2001:376, Skelton 2001:278, Nakabo 2002:546, Moyle 2002:317, Ghedotti & Wiley 2003:1157, Lucinda in Reis et al. 2003:558, Garrett & Edwards 2003:783, Mirza 2003:22, López et al. 2003:71, Yadav 2003:23, Wydoski & Whitney 2003:163, Nelson et al. 2004:103, Miller & Robison 2004:277, Seegers et al. 2003:41, Larson & Pidgeon 2004:196, Menni 2004:86, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:178, Mundy 2005:293, Lucinda & Reis 2005:41, Miller 2006:220, Shestha 2008:206, Fricke et al. 2007:72, Scharpf 2007:16, Meyer et al. 2010:13. Località tipo - Rio Medina e Rio Salado, Texas, U.S.A. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - ANSP 6974-75 (2); MCZ 41141 (1), 41150 (1).

Gambusia affinis affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 6 390. Sinonimo senior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Zygonectes brachypterus Cope, 1880. On the zoological position of Texas. Bulletin of the United States National Museum n° 17: 1-51. Compare prima senza descrizione, come Cope in Jordan 1878:433. Catalogo - Böhlke 1984:95. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), vedere Rosen & Bailey 1963:95, La Rivers 1994:532, Lucinda in Reis et al. 2003:558. Località tipo: fiume Trinity a Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.A. Tipo - Olotipo (unico) ANSP 20446.

Gambusia gracilis Girard, 1859. Ichthyological notices. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 11: 113-122. Catalogo - Böhlke 1984:143, Parenti et al. 1999:7. Nome soggettivamente non valido; secondariamente già occupato da Xiphophorus gracilis Heckel 1848, sostituito da Gambusia humilis Günther 1866. Combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), vedere Rosen & Bailey 1963:95, La Rivers 1994:532, Parenti et al. 1999:7, Lucinda in Reis et al. 2003:558. Località tipo - Matamoras, Mexico. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - ANSP 6973 (1), MCZ 1309 (1), MNHN [ex USNM 3506] (1), ?USNM 3506 (7, non trovati).

Zygonectes gracilis Girard, 1859. Ichthyological notices. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113-122; v. 11 121. Soggettivamente non valido, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Heterandria gracilis Girard, 1859. Ichthyological notices. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 113-122; v. 11 121. Soggettivamente non valido, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Gambusia humilis Günther, 1866. Catalogue of fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Salmonidae, Percopsidae, Galaxidae, Mormyridae, Gymnarchidae, Esocidae, Umbridae, Scombresocidae, Cyprinodontidae, in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. v. 6: i-xv + 1-368. Sostituzione di Gambusia gracilis Girard 1859, secondariamente già occupato da Xiphophorus gracilis Heckel 1848. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), vedere Rosen & Bailey 1963:95, La Rivers 1994:532, Lucinda in Reis et al. 2003:558. Località tipo - Matamoras, Mexico. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - ANSP 6973 (1), MCZ 1309 (1), MNHN [ex USNM 3506] (1).

Zygonectes inurus Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Description of a new cyprinodont (Zygonectes inurus), from southern Illinois. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (n° 273): 143-144. Catalogo - Parenti et al. 1999:19. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Fundulus dispar (Agassiz 1854), vedere Lazara 2001:146. Sinonimo di Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), vedere Rosen & Bailey 1963:95, Parenti et al. 1999:19, Lucinda in Reis et al. 2003:558. Località tipo - Cache Creek, Illinois, U.S.A.. Tipo - Olotipo (unico) USNM 29666.

Haplochilus melanops Cope, 1870. Partial synopsis of the fishes of the fresh waters of North Carolina. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 448-495; v. 11 457. Catalogo - Böhlke 1984:96. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), vedere  Rosen & Bailey 1963:95, La Rivers 1994:532, Ross et al. 2001:378, Lucinda in Reis et al. 2003:558. Località tipo - Bacino del fiume Neuse, Contea di Wake, North Carolina, U.S.A.. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - ANSP 7143-59 (17).

Heterandria patruelis Baird & Girard, 1853. Descriptions of new species of fishes collected by Mr. John H. Clark, on the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey, under Lt. Col. Jas. D. Graham. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 6: 387-390. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), ma valida sottospecie, vedere Indra 1991:241, Indra 1993:187, Rema Devi & Ilango 1993:248, Indra 1994:422 Sinonimo di Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard 1853), vedere Rosen & Bailey 1963:94, La Rivers 1994:532, Ross et al. 2001:378, Lucinda in Reis et al. 2003:558. Località tipo - Rio Sabanal, Rio Leona, Rio Neuces, e torrente Elm, Texas, U.S.A.. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - MCZ 1300 (6).

Gambusia patruelis Baird & Girard, 1853. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 6 390. Sinonimo junior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Zygonectes patruelis Baird & Girard, 1853. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 6 390. Sinonimo junior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Note sulla sistematica - Kottelat e Freyhof sostengono che G. holbrooki sia l'unica specie del genere Gambusia sicuramente presente nelle acque interne Europee, specie più resistente alle basse temperature rispetto a Gambusia affinis. L'affermazione mi trova concorde, specialmente considerando che, fino dalle prime introduzioni, questi pesci erano considerati sottospecie e denominati Gambusia affinis holbrooki. In seguito molti autori hanno omesso il nome sottospecifico e, descrivendo le popolazioni osservate, le hanno indicate col nome scientifico di Gambusia affinis. Inoltre in assenza di dati ottenuti con analisi genetiche e molecolari, il riconoscimento delle due specie risulta molto difficile. Ciò detto non può essere totalmente esclusa la presenza, a seguito di introduzioni, di piccole popolazioni acclimatate di Gambusia affinis nelle acque europee.

Fonti bibliografiche principali - Kottelat M. and J. Freyhof 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland and Freyof, Berlin, Germany. Pagina 482 - 483.

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