Lo spinarello, Gasterosteus aculeatus  aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758

Nomi comuni esteri - Francese - Arselet, Cordonnier, Crève-valet, Épinart, Épinglet, Épinoche, Épinoche à trois épines, Estancelin, Spinaubé, Spinavaou. Spagnolo - Espinocho, Espinosillo, Espinoso, Estranglo. Portoghese - Esgana-gata, Esganagata, Espinhela, Peixe-espinho. Greco - Agathero. Inglese -  Banstickle, Barnystickle, Branchy, Branstickle, Burnstickle, Common stickleback, Cushy, Doctor, Eastern stickleback, European stickleback, Jacksharp, New York stickleback, Pinfish, Prickley, Saw-finned stickleback, Spanicle, Spannistickle, Spanny, Spantickle, Sparnicle, Sparny, Spawnytickle, Sparnytickle, Spawnykettle, Stickleback, Thornback, Thorny back, Three-spined stickleback, Tiddler. Twospine stickleback. Gaelico - Snathaid mhara, Agathero. Tedesco - Dreistachliger Stichling, Großer Stichling, Rotzbarsch, Seestichling, Stachel de butz, Stachelbauch, Stachele, Stachelfisch, Stechbüttel, Stecherling, Stechert, Steckbedel, Steckbüdel, Steckelbars, Steckelstange, Steckker, Steckling, Stichling. Olandese - Stekelbaars, Driedoornige stekelbaars. Danese - Trepigget hundestejle. Svedese - Storspigg, Nakenspigg. Norvegese - Trepigget stingsild, Stikling. Faeroe - Beinmurtur, Eldmurtur, Eyrriðasild, Horngeil, Horngeir, Hvasssíl, Kombikk. Islandese - Hornsíli, Itoyo. Finnico - Kolmipiikki. Polacco - Ciernik. Russo - Trekhiglaja koliushka, Trigolkova koluchka. Repubblica Ceca - Koljueka triostna, Koljuška tríostná. Repubblica Slovacca - Pichlavka, Pichlavka siná. Sloveno - Zet. Rumeno - Ghidrin. Bulgaro - Kedrinka. Turco - Dikence baligi, Dikence baligi. Giapponese - Hariyo. Dialetto Inuktitut (eschimese) - Kakelashuk, Kakilaychok, Kakilisak, Kakilishek, Kakilusuk, Kakkilasak, Katilautik. Persiano -  Sehkhareh. Magiaro - Tükes pikós.

Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 i-ii + 1-824; v. 1 295. Status: nomenclatura originaria, non valida. Opinioni: nomenclatura valida come "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, sottospecie "aculeatus", secondo Okada 1961:605, Kawanabe & Mizuno 1989:433, Pietsch et al. 2001:144, Moyle 2002:340; nomenclatura valida come "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Berg 1949:972, Monod 1973:280, Lee et al. 1980:563, Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:128, Ida in Masuda et al. 1984:83, Smith 1986:276, Banister in Whitehead et al. 1986:640, Arnoult 1986:280, Robins & Ray 1986:122, Lelek 1987:267, McAllister 1990:217, Page & Burr 1991:243, Haglund et al. 1992, Espinosa Pérez et al. 1993:62, Swift et al. 1993:123, Jenkins & Burkhead 1994:623, Poll & Gosse 1995:109, Coad 1995:26, Zhu 1995:165, Mrakovcic et al. 1995:185, Chereshnev 1996:605, Coad 1996:85, Bianco et al. 1996:56, Cheng & Zhou 1997:233, Kottelat 1997:164, Murdy et al. 1997:135, Kim 1997:386, Nikiforov et al. 1997:330, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:747, Bianco 1997:620, Reshetnikov & Savvaitove 1998:111, Caldecutt & Adams 1998:827, Ahnelt et al. 1998:395, Scott & Crossman 1998:665, Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:9, Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:226, Fuller et al. 1999:334, Lyons et al. 2000:51, Nakabo 2000:513, Sheiko & Fedorov 2000:25, Bogutskaya et al. 2001:46, Caldecutt et al. 2001: 936, Chereshnev et al. 2001:112, Zemnukhov et al. 2001:420, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002:64, Kim & Park 2002:308, Krueger in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:314, Mecklenburg et al. 2002:333, Nakabo 2002:513, Paepke in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:209, Roe et al. 2002:903, Youn 2002:231, 552, Pichugin et al. 2003:169, Kiyoshi 2003:37, Fedorov et al. 2003:57, Jang et al. 2003:120, Wydoski & Whitney 2003:167, Hanel 2003:61, Alekseyev et al. 2004:54, Bailey et al. 2004:168, Nelson et al. 2004:111, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:180, Vassilev & Pehlivanov 2005:175, Miller 2005:320. Catalogo: Wheeler 1985:43. Località tipo: Europa. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: Zool. Soc. Lond. 29 (mezza pelle sinistra), 30-31 (due mezze pelli destre).

Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 295. Status: nuova nomenclatura, valida. Gasterosteus bispinosus Walbaum, 1792. Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium. In quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae pars III. Ant. Ferdin. Rose, Grypeswaldiae [Greifswald]. Artedi Piscium [i-viii] + 1-723; Pt. 3 450. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Monod 1973:280. Località tipo: New York, U.S.A. Tipo: apparentemente si tratta di un nuovo nome non necessario per "Gasterosterus bispinosus" Walbaum 1792.

Gasterosteus teraculeatus Lacepède, 1801. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i-lxvi + 1-558; v. 3 295, 296. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Monod 1973:281, Kottelat 1997:163, Paepke in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:209. Tipo: nuovo nome non necessario per  "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758.

Gasteracanthus cataphractus Pallas, 1814. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones anatomen atque icones plurimorum. 3 vols. [1811-1814]. Petropoli. Zool. Rosso-Asiatica i-vii + 1-428 + index (I-CXXV); v. 3 229. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, sottospecie "aculeatus", per Okada 1961:605; sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Berg 1949:972, Monod 1973:281, Reshetnikov & Savvaitove 1998:111, Mecklenburg et al. 2002:333. Località tipo: Kamchatka, Russia.

Gasterosteus cataphractus Pallas, 1814. Zool. Rosso-Asiatica v. 3 229. Status: vedere sopra.

Gasterosteus biaculeatus Mitchill, 1815. The fishes of New York described and arranged. Trans. Lit. Phil. Soc. N. Y. 355-492; v. 1 430 Pl. 1 (fig. 10). Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Monod 1973:281, Smith 1986:277. Apparentemente non si tratta di una descrizione originale, ma di un'identificazione di "Gasterosteus biaculeatus" Shaw. Località tipo: New York, U.S.A. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Gasterosteus trachurus Cuvier, 1829. In Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 4 481, 487 Pl. 98 (fig. 1). Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, sottospecie "aculeatus", secondo Okada 1961:605; sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Berg 1949:972, Monod 1973:281, Lelek 1987:267, Kottelat 1997:164, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:747, Reshetnikov & Savvaitove 1998:111, Scott & Crossman 1998:665, Paepke in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:209. Località tipo: Francia; Germania. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: ?NMW 6918 (1).

Gasterosteus noveboracensis Cuvier, 1829. In Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 4 502 Pl. 98 (fig. 3). Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Monod 1973:281. Catalogo: Bertin & Estève 1950:35. Nomenclatura comparsa inizialmente soltanto come nome in Cuvier 1829:170. Località tipo: New York, U.S.A. Tipo: MNHN 7074.

Gasterosteus spinulosus Yarrell, 1835. (ex Jenyns). Jenyns, L. 1835. A manual of British vertebrate animals: or descriptions of all the animals belonging to the classes, Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, and Pisces... Pitt Press, Cambridge. Manual Brit. Vertebrates i-xxxii + 1-559; 350. Status: nomenclatura soggetta a discussione, non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Monod 1973:281, Paepke in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:209 come "spinosus"; Sinonimo provvisorio di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Kottelat 1997:164. Località tipo: Edinburgo, Scozia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Gasterosteus biarmatus Krynicki 1840. In Nordmann. Observations sur la fauna pontique. In: A. de Démidoff. Voyage dans la Russie méridionale et la Crimée. Vol. III. Paris. Voyage Russie Mérid. 353-635; 381. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, sottospecie "aculeatus", secondo Okada 1961:605; sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Berg 1949:973, Paepke in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:209. Località tipo: lagune vicino a Tarkanckut, Crimea. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Gasterosteus ponticus Nordmann, 1840. Voyage Russie Mérid. 380, 613 Pl. 3 (fig. 11). Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, sottospecie "aculeatus", per Okada 1961:605; sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Berg 1949:972, Monod 1973:281, Kottelat 1997:164, Paepke in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:209. Catalogo: Bertin & Estève 1950:36. Località tipo: Tauria, Mar Nero Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: MNHN 7098 (3), NMW 77244 (4).

Gasterosteus cuvieri Girard 1850. In Storer. Observations on the fishes of Nova Scotia and Labrador, with descriptions of new species. Boston J. Nat. Hist. 247-270; v. 6 254 Pl. 7 (fig. 1). Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Monod 1973:282, Smith 1986:277. Località tipo: Bras d'Or e Red Bay, Labrador, Canada. Tipo: nessuno. Non-tipi: MCZ 32812 (100), USNM 120288 [ex MCZ 32812] (6).

Gasterosteus aculeatus microcephalus (non Girard, 1854). Status: errore d'identificazione, nomenclatura non valida.

Gasterosteus microcephalus (non Girard, 1854). Status: errore d'identificazione, nomenclatura non valida.

Gasterosteus insculptus Richardson, 1855. Fishes (pp. 347-376, Pls. 23-30). In: Belcher, Sir E. The last of the Arctic voyages in search of Sir J. Franklin. Vol. 2. Last Arctic Voyage i-vii + 1-419; Pl. 25. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, sottospecie "aculeatus", secondo Okada 1961:605; sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Monod 1973:282. località tipo: Northumberland Sound, Groenlandia. Tipo: ? BMNH.

Gasterosteus serratus Ayres, 1855. [Description of new fishes from California.] (Minutes of Academy meetings were printed in "The Pacific" (a newspaper) shortly after each meeting. New species date to publication in The Pacific. Dates of publication are given in each species account). The Pacific; v. 4 (no. 22) [2] col. 6. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida; nomenclatura apparentemente occupata in precedenza da "Gasterosteus serratus" Forster 1794. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, sottospecie "aculeatus", secondo Okada 1961:605; sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Monod 1973:282. Catalogo: Bertin & Estève 1950:37. Località tipo: San Francisco, California, U.S.A. Tipo: probabilmente perduto. Non-types: MNHN 0299 [ex USNM] (1).

Gasterosteus atkinsii Bean, 1879. Description of an apparently new species of "Gasterosteus" ("G. atkinsii") from the Schoodic Lakes, Maine. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 67-69; v. 2 (n° 71) 67. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Monod 1973:283. Località tipo: laghi Schoodic, Maine, U.S.A. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: USNM 22492 (6, adesso 5).

Gasterosteus atkinsi Bean, 1879. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. v. 2 (n° 71) 67. Status: errore di scrittura, nomenclatura non valida.

Gasterosteus aculeatus messinicus Stephanidis, 1971. Poissons d'eau douce du Péloponnèse. Biol. Gallo-Hell. 163-212; v. 3 (no. 2) 202 Fig. 10. Status: nomenclatura infrasubspecifica, non valida. Opinioni: in sinonimia di "Gasterosteus gymnurus" Cuvier 1829 secondo Kottelat 1997:165; in sinonimia di "Gasterosteus aculeatus" Linnaeus 1758, per Paepke in Banarescu & Paepke 2002:209. Provenienza del materiale esaminato: fiume Pamissos nei pressi di Messini, Grecia.

Sottospecie - Sono riconosciute le seguenti sottospecie: Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae, Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni.

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