Lo sperlano, Osmerus eperlanus  (Linnaeus, 1758)

Nomi comuni esteri - Spagnolo - Eperlano, Eperlános, Eperlon. Portoghese - Eperlano, Eperlano-europeu. Francese - Éperlan, Concombre, Trogue. Inglese - Sparling, Smelt, European smelt, Sand smelt, Sea smelt. Galles - Brwyniad Conwy. Gaelico - An smealt, An smealt gainimh, Cualarach. Tedesco - Stint, Binnenstint, Heilstindt, Heilstint, Seestint, Stindt. Olanda - Spiering. Danimarca - Europæisk smel, Smelt, Stint, Stinte. Norvegia - Krøkle. Svezia - Nors. Islanda - Silfurloona. Finlandia - Kuore. Polonia -  Stynka. Russo - Korjushka, Koryushka, Morskaya koryushka. Romania - Eperlan. Giappone - Kyûrino.

Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 310. Sinonimo senior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN valida.

Salmo eperlanus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. v. 1: i-ii + 1-824. Catalogo - Wheeler 1985:29. Sinonimo senior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Nomenclatura valida come Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Berg 1948:441, McAllister 1963:21, Kljukanov & McAllister 1973:158, McAllister in Whitehead et al. 1984:401, Lelek 1987:130, Chereshnev 1996:602, Kottelat 1997:96, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:733, Dorofeeva 1998:51, Scott & Crossman 1998:312, Bogutskaya et al. 2001:45, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:129, Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:348. Località tipo - Europa. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - Linn. Soc. Lond. 45 (1, mezza pelle sinistra).

Osmerus eperlanus eperlanus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 310. Sinonimo senior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Salmo eperlanomarinus Bloch, 1782. M. Marcus Elieser Bloch's ..., ausübenden Arztes zu Berlin, Oekonomische Naturgeschichte der Fische Deutschlands. Berlin. M. Marcus Elieser Bloch's ..., ausübenden Arztes zu Berlin, Oeconomische Naturgeschichte der Fische Deutschlands. v. 1: 1-128, Pls. 1-37. Catalogo - Paepke 1999:108. In origine denominato eperlano-marinus. Nome disponibile dalla Targhetta. A p. 145 dell'Ittiologia di Bloch, v. 1. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), sottospecie dentex Steindachner 1870, vedere Berg 1948:441. Sinonimo di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere McAllister 1963:21, Kljukanov & McAllister 1973:158, Kottelat 1997:96, Dorofeeva 1998:51. Località tipo - Mare del Nord e Mar Baltico. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - ZMB 3736 (2).

Osmerus eperlanus dentex natio jenisseensis Petrov, 1925. Materials for systematics of the Russian smelts. Bulletin of the Bureau of Applied Ichthyology. Leningrad v. 3: 87-108. Basato du Tyurin 1925. Nome infrasubspecifico, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non disponibile. Opinioni - In sinonimia di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Berg 1948:437. Provenienza del materiale - Dal fiume Jenissey, Siberia (vedere McAllister 1963:16).

Osmerus eperlanus dentex natio kaninensis Petrov, 1927. The smelt of Cheshskaya Bay. Trudy instituta po izucheniya Severa v. 34: 73-84 + tables. Compare anche in Berg 1932:279. Nome infrasubspecifico, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non disponibile. Opinioni - In sinonimia di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Berg 1948:440. Provenienza del materiale - Dalla Baia di Cheshskaya, Mare di Barents, Russia.

Osmerus eperlanus eperlanus natio ladogensis Berg, 1932. Les poissons des eaux douces de l'U.R.S.S. et des pays limitrophes. 3-e édition, revue et augmentée. Leningrad. Part 1: 1-554. Compare come nomen nudum in Berg 1932:133. Nome infrasubspecifico, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non disponibile. Opinioni - In sinonimia di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Berg 1948:441, McAllister 1963:21, Kottelat 1997:96. Provenienza del materiale - Lago Ladoga, Russia.

Osmerus eperlanus eperlanus natio pjaoseri Melyantsev, 1946. Material on the Pyazero Lake smelt (Osmerus eperlanus eperlanus L. natio pjaoseri nova). Trudy Karelo-finskogo otdeleniya VNIORKH v. 2: 323-338. Nome infrasubspecifico, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non disponibile. Opinioni - Menzionato da Berg 1948:466. Provenienza del materiale - Lago Pyaozero, Carelia, Russia.

Osmerus eperlanus schonfoldi, McAllister 1984 in Whitehead et al. 1984. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Vol. 1. UNESCO. Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean.: 1-510. La prima descrizione disponibile di Eperlanus schonfoldii pare di Rutty 1772. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:96. Sinonimo di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), ma valida sottospecie schonfoldi McAllister 1984, come da descrizione, vedere Fricke 1999:29. Possibile specie valida, vedere Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:348. Località tipo - Polonia ad ovest fino alle isole britanniche. Tipo - Non è noto nessun esemplare tipo. Un neotipo è stato designato da Fricke 1999:30, ma ritirato in Fricke 2000: 639.

Eperlanus schonfieldii Kljukanov & McAllister, 1973. Osmeridae (pp. 158-159). In: Hureau & Monod 1973. Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean. CLOFNAM. Nome in sinonimia, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - In sinonimia di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:96.

Eperlanus schonfoldii Rutty, 1772. An essay towards a natural history of the county of Dublin, accommodated to the noble designs of the Dublin Society; affording a summary view. Privately published, Dublin. Sinonimo ambiguo, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Considerato da Kottelat (1997) come non disponibile, perché in un lavoro non coerente con la nomenclatura binomiale. Vedere anche Fricke 1999:29. Opinioni - In sinonimia di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere McAllister 1963:21, Kljukanov & McAllister 1973:158, McAllister in Whitehead et al. 1984:400, Kottelat 1997:96. In sinonimia di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), sottospecie schonfoldi McAllister 1986, vedere Fricke 1999:29. Località tipo - Dublino, Irlanda. Tipo - Non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Salmo spirinchus Pallas, 1814. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones anatomen atque icones plurimorum. 3 vols. [1811-1814]. Petropoli. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium animalium ... v. 3: i-vii + 1-428 + index (I-CXXV), Pls. 1, 13, 14, 15, 20 and 21. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Hypomesus olidus (Pallas 1814), vedere McAllister 1963:31 (in parte). Sinonimo di Osmerus eperalanus (Linnaeus 1758), ma valida sottospecie, vedere Lelek 1987:130. Sinonimo di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Berg 1948:445, McAllister 1963:21 (in parte), Kljukanov & McAllister 1973:158, Kottelat 1997:96. Località tipo - Fiumi e laghi di Germania, Russia, Livonia (Estonia e Lettonia). Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - Collocazione ignota.

Eperlanus vulgaris Valenciennes, 1842. In Gaimard, 1842, Voyage de la commission scientifique du Nord. Voyage en Skandinavie, en Laponie, au Spitzberg et aux Feröe. Paris. Sect. VII. Zoologie, plates. Voyage de la commission scientifique du Nord. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere McAllister 1963:21, Kljukanov & McAllister 1973:158, Kottelat 1997:96. Località tipo - Islanda (probabilmente errato). Tipo - Non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Note sulla sistematica - I dati disponibili non escludono che due specie siano confuse sotto il nome O. eperlanus. Osmerus eperlanus, dotata di 33 - 38 branchiospine e prevalentemente lacustre, diffusa lungo le coste e nei bacini dal Mar Bianco e Mar di Barents e Mar Baltico. O. eperlanus schonfoldi, dotata di 27 - 32 branchiospine e prevalentemente anadroma diffusa in parte della Polonia, Danimarca e Mar Baltico meridionale.

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