Il persico del Nilo, Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Nomi comuni esteri - Inglese - Nile perch, Victoria perch, African snook. Spagnolo - Perca del Nilo. Portoghese - Perca-do-Nilo. Francese - Perche du Nil. Tedesco - Nilbarsch, Albertseebarsch, Victoriabarsch, Victoriasee-Barsch. Danimarca - Nilaborre. Svezia - Nilabborre. Norvegia - Nilabbor. Finlandia - Niilinahven. Arabo - Aigle, Am'kal, Am'kaltâya, Amukal, Igl. Nigeria - Aja, Bangur, Giwan ruwa, Giwan ruwan, Igbo, Kima, Kina. Chad - Fel, Fon'dolâ, Namal. Sudan - Cal, Ceil, Gubro, Gur, Gwet, Ndeni, Nganzi. Ghana - Dzo, Leshie, Lesi. Senegal - Diène wekh. Burkina Faso - Saalen, Burkina Faso. Kenia -Idji, Iji, Jinte, Mbuta, Mputa. Uganda - Mputa. Tanzania - Chengu, Mkombozi, Sangala, Sangara.

Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 286. Sinonimo senior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN valida.

Labrus niloticus Linnaeus 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 i-ii + 1-824; v. 1 286. Sinonimo senior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Nomenclatura valida come Lates niloticus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Greenwood 1976:77, Daget 1986:293 (con nome generico Perca), Lévêque et al. 1989:121, Paugy & Bénech 1989:304, Paugy et al. 1990:342, Paugy in Lévêque et al. 1992:662, Evseenko 1996:727, Fuller et al. 1999:343, Dankwa et al. 1999:44, Seegers et al. 2003:42, Otero 2004:86, Liu 2007:405. Località tipo - Egitto. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Centropomus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Naturae, Ed. X. v. 1. Sinonimo senior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Lates albertianus Worthington 1929. New species of fish from the Albert Nyanza and Lake Kioga. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London Pt. 3: 429-440. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Lates niloticus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Daget 1986:294, Otero 2004:86. Località tipo - Lago Alberto (Nyanza). Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - (50) BMNH 1904.1.19.20 (1), 1929.4.16.31-37 (7), 1929.1.24.345-346 (3, ? ora 2).

Lates niloticus albertianus Worthington, 1929. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. Pt. 3 437 Figs. 8-9. Sinonimo junior, cambio di grado, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Perca latus Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809. Poissons du Nil, de la mer Rouge et de la Méditerranée. In: Description de l'Egypte ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l'expedition de l'Armée français, publié par les ordres de sa Majesté-L'Empereur Napoléon le Grand. (Imprimerie Impériale). Paris. Histoire Naturelle. V. 1 (part 1): 1-52 (141-338), Poissons Pls. 1-17. Catalogo - Bauchot & Desoutter 1987:99-100. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Lates niloticus (Linnaeus 1758), secondo gli autori del Catalog of fishes della California Academy of Sciences. Località tipo - Fiume Nilo. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Lates niloticus var. macrolepidota Pellegrin 1922. Poissons de l'Oubanghi-Chari recueillis par M. Baudon. Description d'un genre, de cinq espèces et d'une variété. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 64-76; v. 47 76. Catalogo - Bauchot & Desoutter 1987:73. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Lates niloticus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Daget 1986:294. Località tipo - Fiume Oubanghi a Bangui, Congo Francese. Tipo - Olotipo (unico) MNHN 1921-0444.

Lates niloticus macrolepidotus Pellegrin, 1922. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. 47 76. Sinonimo junior, cambio di grado, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Lates nobilis Cuvier, 1828. In Cuvier & Valenciennes. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome second. Livre Troisième. Des poissons de la famille des perches, ou des percoïdes. Histoire naturelle des poissons. v. 2: i-xxi + 2 pp. + 1-490, Pls. 9-40. Catalogo - Bauchot & Desoutter 1987:73, Weber 1998:13. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Lates niloticus (Linnaeus 1758), secondo gli autori del Catalog of fishes della California Academy of Sciences. Località tipo - Pondicherry, India (la località non rientra nell'areale originario della specie). Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipo - MHNG 148.01 (1); MNHN A-6892 (1, secco), A-5739 (1, secco), A-7330 (1, secco).

Lates niloticus rudolfianus Worthington, 1932. Scientific results of the Cambridge Expedition to the East African lakes, 1930-1. --2. Fishes other than Cichlidae. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology v. 38 (n° 258): 121-134. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Lates niloticus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Daget 1986:294. Località tipo - Lago Rodolfo (Turkana), Kenya. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - BMNH 1930.6.13.107-112 (7, adesso 5), più 34 specimen non conservati (Harrison 1991).

Note sulla tassonomia - Lo status sistematico della popolazione del Lago Victoria è incerto. La specie è stata introdotta a più riprese nel lago Vittoria tra la fine del 1950 ed i primi anni 1960 (Coulter et al. 1986), con esemplari provenienti dal Lago Alberto e dal Lago Rodolfo (Turkana). In ogni caso, anche se non necessariamente conspecifici di L. niloticus, gli esemplari del Lago Vittoria sono da sempre indicati come L. niloticus.

Fonti bibliografiche principali - Teugels, G.G., C. Lévêque, D. Paugy and K. Traoré, 1988. État des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des bassins côtiers de Côte d'Ivoire et de l'ouest du Ghana. Rev. Hydrobiol. trop. 21(3):221-237. Pagina 225.

Bibliografia - Acere, T.O. 1985. Observations on the biology of Nile Perch (L. niloticus), and the growth of its fishery in the northern waters of Lake Victoria.FAO Fish. Rep. 335:42-61.

Adams-Sow, A. (Ed.) 1996. Poissons et Pêches du Fleuve Sénégal. Fédération des Paysans Organisés du Département de Bakel, Dakar, Sénégal. 106 p.

Adebisi, A.A. 1981. Analyses of the stomach contents of the piscivorous fishes of the upper Ogun River in Nigeria. Hydrobiologia 79(2):167-177.

Altman, P.L. & D.S. Dittmer 1962. Growth, including reproduction and morphological development. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

Anonymous 1997. Fish registrations within the museum database of the Vertebrate Section of the Royal Museum for Central Africa. MRAC, Tervuren, Belgium.

Anonymous 1997. Fisheries statistical bulletin, Kainji Lake, Northern Nigeria, 1997. Nigerian- German (GTZ) Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project Technical Report Series 9.

Anonymous 1999. Fish collection database of the National Museums of Kenya. National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya.

Anonymous 1999. Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)).

Anonymous 2000. Fish collection database of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa.

Anonymous 2000. The ichthyological collection of the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Division of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH).

Anonymous 2001. Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution-Division of Fishes.

Anonymous 2002. Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, USA.

Anonymous 2003. Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum.

Asila, A.A. & E. Okemwa 1988. Growth parameters for Lates niloticus (L.), Bagrus docmak (Forsskål), Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) and Synodontis species derived from tag returns. p. 204-207. In I.G. Cowx & D. Tweedle (eds.) Lake Victoria Fisheries Research Project Phase II. Report on fourth FIDA WOG workshop held at Kisumu, 16-20 August 1999. UNECIA Ltd.

Asila, A.A. & J. Ogari 1988. Growth parameters and mortality rates of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) estimated from length-frequency data in the Nyanza Gulf (Lake Victoria). FAO Fish. Rep. 389:272-287.

Azeroual, A., Entsua-Mensah, M., Getahun, A., Lalèyè, P., Moelants, T. & Ntakimazi, G. 2009. Lates niloticus. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. .

Baijot, E. & J. Moreau 1997. Biology and demographic status of the main fish species in the reservoirs of Burkina Faso. p. 79-110. In E. Baijot, J. Moreau & S. Bouda (eds.) Hydrobiological aspects of fisheries in small reservoirs in the Sahel region. Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Bailey, R.G. 1994. Guide to the fishes of the River Nile in the Republic of the Sudan. J. Nat. Hist. 28:937-970.

Balogun, J.K. 1988. The bio-ecology of Niger Perch Lates niloticus (Linnaeus) in the Lake Kainji, Nigeria. Nigeria.

Bartley, D.M. (comp./ed.) 2006. Introduced species in fisheries and aquaculture: information for responsible use and control (CD-ROM). Rome, FAO.

Bianco, P. 1981. Fish. p. 55-63. In L. Boitani (ed.) The Southern National Park. A master plan. Istituto di Zoologia, Facoltà di Scienze dell'Università di Roma (Italy). 220 p.

Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung 2003. Verzeichnis der Handelsbezeichnungen für Erzeugnisse der Fischerei und der Aquakultur.

Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 2003. Chinese aquatic germplasm resources database.

Coulibaly, N.D. 2000. Noms communs et quelques significations pour les poissons commerciaux peches dans les Hauts-Bassins du fleuve Volta au Burkina Faso. MS.

Coulibaly, N.D. 2003. Common names of commercial fish species of the upper Volta Basin in Burkina Faso. p.215-222. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily & D. Pauly (eds.). Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14, 281p.

Coulibaly, N.D. 2003. Length-weight relationships of 11 fish species of Burkina Faso. p. 20-22. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily & D. Pauly (eds.). Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14, 281p.

Crawford, R. 1993. World record game fishes 1993. The International Game Fish Association, Pompano Beach, Florida.

Crespo, J., J. Gajate & R. Ponce 2001. Clasificación científica e identificación de nombres vernáculos existentes en la base de datos de seguimiento informático de recursos naturales oceánicos. Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Madrid, Spain.

Daget, J. 1986. Centropomidae. p. 293-296. In J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse & D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (ed.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Brussels; MRAC, Tervuren; and ORSTOM, Paris. Vol. 2.

Dankwa, H.R. 2003. Traditional knowledge of freshwater fishes in some fishing communities in Ghana. p. 223-229. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily & D. Pauly (ed.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14:281 p.

Dankwa, H.R., E.K. Abban & G.G. Teugels 1999. Freshwater fishes of Ghana: identification, distribution, ecological and economic importance. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool. 283:53 p.

Diouf, P.S. 1996. Les peuplements de poissons des milieux estuariens de l'Afrique de l'Ouest: L'exemple de l'estuaire hyperhalin du Sine-Saloum. Université de Montpellier II. Thèses et Documents Microfiches No.156. ORSTOM, Paris. 267 p.

du Feu, T. 2003. Gaining a quick overview of the Lake Kainji Fishery, Nigeria: the use of length frequency data. p.108-122. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily & D. Pauly (ed.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14, 281p.

du Feu, T. 2003. Population parameters for the six commercial species in Lake Kainji, Nigeria using length frequency data sampled from artisanal fish catches. p. 31-45. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily & D. Pauly (ed.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14, 281p.

du Feu, T.A. & J. Abiodun 1998. Predictions of fish yields and the status of the Kainji Lake fishery, 1998. Nigerian-German Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project Tech. Rep. Ser. 17. 56 p. Eccles, D.H. 1992 FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Tanzania. Prepared and published with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (project URT/87/016). FAO, Rome. 145 p.

Eschmeyer, W.N. 1990. Catalog of the genera of recent fishes. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA. 697 p.

FAO 1992. FAO Yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings, volume 74. FAO Fish. Series 43. 677 p.

FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service 1993. Aquaculture production (1985-1991). FAO Fish. Circ. 815, Rev. 5. 213 p.

FAO-FIES 2008. Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list.

FAO-FIES 2010. Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Information System (ASFIS) species list.

Fermon, Y. 1997. Les Haplochromis spp. (Teleostei, Cichlidae) des zones rocheuses du Mwanza Gulf, lac Victoria, Tanzanie: Structure des communautes et écomorphologie. Thèse présentée pour l'obtention du Diplôme de Doctorat du Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle. Thèses et Documents Microfichés No. 157. ORSTOM, Paris.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1992. FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p.

Getahun, A. 2007. An overview of the diversity and conservation status of the Ethiopian freshwater fauna. J. Afrotrop. Zool. Special Issue:87-96.

Hamblyn, E.L. 1966. The food and feeding habits of Nile perch Lates niloticus (Linné) (Pisces: Centropomidae). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 74(1-2):1-28.

Hashem, M.T. & K. Hussein 1973. Some biological studies of the Nile perch (Lates niloticus C. & V.) in the Nozha Hydrodome. Bull. Inst. Ocean. Fish. 3:321-393.

Hickley, P. & R.G. Bailey 1987. Food and feeding relationships of fish in the Sudd swamps (River Nile, southern Sudan). J. Fish Biol. 30:147-159.

Hopson, A.J. 1967. Annual Report, 1966-67. Federal Fisheries Services, Lake Chad Research Station, Malamfatori.

Hopson, A.J. 1972 A study of the Nile perch (Lates niloticus L.) (Pisces: Centropomidae) in Lake Chad. Overseas Res. Publ. London 19:93 p.

Hopson, A.J. 1982. The biology of Lates niloticus (L.) in Lake Turkana. p. 1285-1299. In A.J. Hopson (ed.) A report on the findings of the Lake Turkana Project 1972-1975, Overseas Development Adminstration, London.

Hughes, N.F. 1986. Changes in the feeding biology of the Nile perch, Lates niloticus (L.) (Pisces:Centropomidae), in Lake Victoria, East Africa since its introduction in 1960, and its impact on the native fish community of the Nyanza Gulf. J. Fish Biol. 29:541-548.

Hughes, N.F. 1992. Growth and reproduction of the Nile perch, Lates niloticus, an introduced predator, Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria, East Africa. Environ. Biol. Fish. 33:299-305.

Hureau, J.-C. 1991. La base de données GICIM : Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Préliminaire des Poissons d'Eau Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environnement, CEMAGREF et Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris.

IGFA 2001. Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA. International Game Fish Association 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA.

Ita, E.O. 1984. Kainji (Nigeria). p. 43-103. In J.M. Kapetsky & T. Petr (eds.) Status of African reservoir fisheries. CIFA Tech. Pap. 10:326 p.

Ita, E.O. 1998. The current status of fish stocks and fisheries in Kainji Lake, 1996. Nigerian-German (GTZ) Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project. December, 1998. 45 p.

IUCN. 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2010.3). http://www.iucnredlist.org.

Khalil, L.F. & J.P. Thurston 1973. Studies on the helminth parasites of freshwater fishes of Uganda including the descriptions of two new species of digeneans. Rev. Zool. Bot. afr. 87(2):209-248.

King, R.P. 1997. Growth performance of Nigerian fish stocks. Naga ICLARM Q. 20(2):31-35.

Kudhonghania, A. & A.J. Cordone 1974. Past trends, present stocks and possible future state of the fisheries of the Tanzania part of the Lake Victoria. Afr. J. Trop. Hydrobiol. Fish. 3(2):167-181.

Lalèyè, P.A. 2006. Length-weight and length-length relationships of fishes from the Ouémé River in Bénin (West Africa). J. Appl. Ichthyolol. 22:330-333.

Lever, C. 1996. Naturalized fishes of the world. Academic Press, California, USA. 408 p.

Ligtvoet, W. & O.C. Mkumbo 1990. Synopsis of ecological and fishery research on Nile perch (Lates niloticus) in Lake Victoria, conducted by HEST/TAFIRI. p. 35-74. In CIFA. Report of the fifth session of the sub-committee for the development and management of the fisheries in Lake Victoria, 12-14 September 1989, Mwanza, Tanzania. FAO Fish. Rep. 430. FAO, Rome.

Ligtvoet, W., P.J. Mous, O.C. Mkumbo, Y.L. Budeba, P.C. Goudswaard, E.F.B. Katunzi, M.M. Temu, J.H. Wanink & F. Witte 1995. The Lake Victoria fish stocks and fisheries. p. 11-53. In F. Witte & W.L.T. Van Densen (ed.) Fish stocks and fisheries of Lake Victoria. A handbook for field observations. Samara Publishing Limited, Dyfed, Great Britain.

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordinus, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae. 824 p.

Loubens, G. 1974. Quelques aspects de la biologie de Lates niloticus du Tchad. Cah. ORSTOM sér. Hydrobiol. 8(1):3-21.

Lévêque, C.L. 1997. Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa. ORSTOM. Cambridge Univ. Press, U.K. 438 p.

Machacek, H. (ed.) 2010. World Records Freshwater Fishing. www.fishing-worldrecords.com, September 2010.

Magomna, O. 2003. Noms communs de poissons tchadien en langue Kim. p. 234-242. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily & D. Pauly (ed.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14, 281p.

Mdaihli, M., T. du Feu & J.S.O. Ayeni 2003. Fisheries in the southern border zone of Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. p. 141-154. In Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African forest. SI/MAB Ser. 8.

Mkumbo, O.C. & W. Ligtvoet 1992. Changes in the diet of Nile perch, Lates niloticus (L.), in the Mwanza Gulf, Lake Victoria. Hydrobiologia 232(1):79-83.

Ogari, J. & S. Dadzie 1988. The food of the Nile perch, Lates niloticus (L.), after the disappearance of the haplochromine cichlids in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria (Kenya). J. Fish Biol. 32:571-577.

Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. 1990. The decline of the native fishes of lakes Victoria and Kyoga (East Africa) and the impact of introduced species, especially the Nile perch, Lates niloticus, and the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Environ. Biol. Fish. 27:81-96.

Ogutu-Ohwayo, R. & R.E. Hecky 1991. Fish introductions in Africa and some of their implications. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (Suppl. 1):8-12.

Okemwa, E.N. 1984. Potential fishery of Nile perch Lates niloticus Linne (Pisces: Centropomidae) in Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, East Africa. Hydrobiologia 108:121-126.

Okeyo, D.O. 2003. Taxonomy, common names and distribution of fish in the eastern arm of the Rift Valley drainage, Kenya. p. 250-266. In M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily & D. Pauly (ed.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14:281 p.

Olaosebikan, B.D. & A. Raji 1998. Field guide to Nigerian freshwater fishes. Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, New Bussa, Nigeria. 106 p.

Paperna, I. 1996. Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa. An update. CIFA Tech. Pap. No. 31. 220 p. FAO, Rome.

Paugy, D., K. Traoré & P.S. Diouf 1994. Faune ichtyologique des eaux douces d'Afrique de l'Ouest. p.35-66. In G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan & J.J. Albaret (eds.) Biological diversity of African fresh- and brackish water fishes. Geographical overviews presented at the PARADI Symposium, Senegal, 15-20 November 1993. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool., 275:177 p.

Pauly, D. 1978. A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200.

Randolph, S. & M. Snyder 1993. The seafood list: FDA's guide to acceptable market names for seafood sold in interstate commerce. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA.

Ribbink, A.J. 1987. African lakes and their fishes: conservation and suggestions. Environ. Biol. Fish. 19(1):3-26.

Riede, K. 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p.

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea & W.B. Scott 1991. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p.

Sadiku, S.O.E. & A.A. Oladimeji 1991. Relationships of proximate composition of Lates niloticus (L.), Synodontis schall (Broch & Schneider) and Sarotherodon galilaeus (Trewavas) from Zaria Dam, Nigeria. Biosci. Res. Communications 3(1):29-40.

Sanches, J.G. 1989. Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalizaçao estatística). Publicaçoes avulsas do I.N.I.P. No. 14. 322 p.

Seegers, L., L. De Vos & D.O. Okeyo 2003. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Kenya (excluding the lacustrine haplochromines from Lake Victoria). J. E. Afr. Nat. Hist. 92:11-47.

Soriano, M.L., J. Moreau, J.M. Hoenig & D. Pauly 1992. New functions for the analysis of two-phase growth of juvenile and adult fishes, with application to Nile perch. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 121(4):486-493.

Stone, R. 2007. The last of the leviathans. Science 316:1684-1688.

Swedish Museum of Natural History 1999. NRM Ichthyology collection database. Ichthyology Section, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.

Teugels, G.G., C. Lévêque, D. Paugy & K. Traoré 1988. État des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des bassins côtiers de Côte d'Ivoire et de l'ouest du Ghana. Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 21(3):221-237.

Titiati, E.K. 1970. Some common names of fresh-water fishes of Ghana in Latin, English, Ewe and Ga-adangbe. Manuscript Fisheries Dept., Volta Lake Research Project, 5 p.

van Oijen, M.J.P. 1995. Appendix I. Key to Lake Victoria fishes other than haplochromine cichlids. p. 209-300. In F. Witte & W.L.T. van Densen (ed.) Fish stocks and fisheries of Lake Victoria. A handbook for field observations. Samara Publishing Limited, Dyfed, Great Britain.

Vivien, J. 1991. Faune du Cameroun. Guide des mammifères et des poissons. GICAM. 271 p.

Welcomme, R.L. 1979. Fisheries ecology of floodplain rivers. Longman Inc., New York. 317 p.

Welcomme, R.L. 1988. International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 294. 318 p.

Wheeler, A. 1977. Das grosse Buch der Fische. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co. Stuttgart. 356 p.

Witte, F. & W. de Winter 1995. Appendix II. Biology of the major fish species of Lake Victoria. p. 301-320. In F. Witte & W.L.T. Van Densen (ed.) Fish stocks and fisheries of Lake Victoria. A handbook for field observations. Samara Publishing Limited, Dyfed, Great Britain.

Yearsley, G.K., P.R. Last & G.B. Morris 1997. Codes for Australian Aquatic Biota (CAAB): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for Australian fisheries databases. CSIRO Marine Laboratories, Report 224. CSIRO, Australia.

Zardoya, R., D.M. Vollmer, C. Craddock, J.T. Streelman, S. Karl & A. Meyer 1996. Evolutionary conservation of microsatellite flanking regions and their use in resolving the phylogeny of cichlid fishes (Pisces: Perciformes). Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 263:1589-1598.