Il cefalo o muggine, Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758

Nomi dialettali italiani - Liguria - Carida, Mussao, Musao. Toscana - Muggine caparello, Mazzone. Emilia - Zòevli. Lazio - Cefalo vero, Cefalo comune. Campania - Cefalo verace, Cefaro mazzone. Calabria - Cefalu verace. Puglia - Capocefalo, Capuozzo. Abruzzo - Cefalo mazzone, Mugella. Marche - Baldighera, Mazzone, Volpino. Triveneto - Volpina, Zèvoli, Maciato. Sicilia - Capulatu, Lustru, Mulettu.  Sardegna - Cefalu, Cafanu, Muzzulu. 

Nomi comuni esteri - Spagnolo - Lisa rayada, Albur, Bullûa, Cabeçut, Cabezudo, Cachamba, Cap pla, Capitán, Capiton, Céfalo, Galupe, Iliça de cap gros, Iliça sabada, Ilissa lobarrera, Lisa, Lisa cabezuda, Lisa común, Lisa pardete, Lisa rayada, Liza cabezona, Lizarra, Llissa llobarrera, Mugil, Mugil común, Mujol, Mule, Muxo, Pardete, Pordete. Portoghese - Curemà, Mugem, Tainha-olhalvo. Francese - Mulet à grosse tête, Cabot, Carida, Caridou, Meuil, Muge à grosse tête, Muge cabot, Muge céphale, Mugo fangous, Mujou, Mulet, Mulet à grosse tête, Mulet cabot, Testard, Testu. Greco - Cephalos, Kefalos, Mpafa. Inglese - Flathead mullet, Flathead mullet, Black mullet, Black true mullet, Bright mullet, Bully mullet, Callifaver mullet, Common grey mullet, Common mullet, Grey mullet, Haarder,Hardgut mullet, Mangrove mullet, Mullet, River mullet, Sea mullet, Springer, Striped mullet. Tedesco - Gewöhnliche Meeräsche, Gemeine Meeräsche, Gestreifte Meeräsche, Grossköpfige Meeräsche, Großkopf, Großkopf-Meeräsche, Harder. Olandese - Aalder, Aarder, Diklipharder. Afrikaans - Platkop-harder, Platkopharder. Danese - Multe, Storhovedet multe, Stribet multe. Norvegese - Multe. Svedese - Grå multe, Storhovad multe, Storhuvad multe, Tjockläppad multe. Islanda - Röndungur. Finnico - Juovakeltti. Polacco - Mugil cefal, Mugil australijski. Russo - Loban. Rumeno - Chefal, Chefal mare, Laban. Bulgaro - Keffal, Morski cefal. Albabese - Qefulli i veres, Qefulli i verës. Croato - Cipal batas, Skocac. Sloveno - Glavati cipelj. Malta - Kaplat, Mulett, Mulett ta' l'iswed. Turco - Avrita baligi, Haskefal baligi, Kefal, Kefal baligi, Koklan baligi, Topan baligi, Topbas baligi. Israele - Kifon gdol hazosh. Arabo - Anubah, Araaby, Asfatiya, Beyah, Biah, Biyah, Bouri, Gawafa, Gharyb, Gutarana. Mauritania - Lissa amaria, Lizza, Mugil, Mulet jaune, Zoulé. Capo Verde - Cagarraz, Eirigo-do-rio, Olhal, Olhalvo, Papalvo, Tagana. Somalia - Caanood. Benin - Guéseou. Senegal - Deem, Diabaï, Gis, Guiss, Jabaay, Sinal. Sierra Leone - Kunungui, Lombbie, Ma sek, Mollit. Mozambico - Nyarongue, Sibo, Tainha cabeça achatada, Tshulwa, Wutsuma. Tanzania - Mkizi. Mauritius - Mulet voilé. Madagascar - Antafa, Jompo, Antendro, Tororaka, Zompona. Isole Comore - M'Hizi. Seychelles - Mile. Persiano - Biah Srpehn, Kafal. India - Ain, Bhomat, Boi, Boita, Bol, Gandhia, Kasmeen, Kathi-parenga, Kathiparega, Madavai, Mala, Mangan, Manla, Pilas, Pilsa, Sherto, Talilong, Thirutha, Tiruta, Tirutha. Sri Lanka - Barri godeya, Kasmeen, Kitheya, Manalei, Manla, Thel godeya. Cina - Bái yan, Tóu zi, Wu tau, Wu tau tze, Zi, Zi yú. Vietnam - Cá Đối mục. Giapponese - Bora. Korea - Sung-o. Filippine - Aguas, Agwas, Aligasin, Asubi, Balanak, Banak, Bayanak, Gisaw, Hurong, Lisas, Lul-luran, Perong, Porong, Ugapang. Malese - Belanak, Gerita, Jumpul, Kedera, Rapang. Giava - Gereh, Gerpuh. Hawaii - Ama'ama, Anae, Kahaha, O'ola, Pahaha, Pua, Pua 'ama, Pua 'ama'ama, Pua po'ola. Fiji - Anace, Koto. Polinesia Fr. - Auaree, Kapae, Muge. Maori - Kanae. Tonga - Kanahe. Guiana Fr. - Kapiiyut. Nuova Caledonia - Kôrômii, Kûrûmil, Maalan, Naxoc, Poisson queue bleue. Papua Nuova Guinea - Waloya. Marianne - Aitam, Laiguan-asut. Tokelau - Miil-budhi-dhirr. Cuba - Machu, Machuto. Repubblica Dominicana - Lebranche, Lisa. Antille Olandesi - Calmou, Carmou, Cremole. Guiana Fr, - Milé. Brasile - Cambiro, Curemà, Curimã, Curimã-í, Tainha, Tainhota, Tamaratana, Tamatarana, Tapiara, Tapuji, Urichoa.

Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Nat. ed. 10 i-ii + 1-824; v. 1 316. Status: nomenclatura originaria, valida. Opinioni: nomenclatura valida come "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, sottospecie "cephalus" per Kawanabe & Mizuno 1989:458, Cheng & Zhou 1997:241, Nakabo 2000:538, Pietsch et al. 2001:143, Sakai et al. 2001:104, Shimizu 2001:33, Shimizu 2001:34, Nakabo 2002:538, Kiyoshi 2003:37; nomenclatura valida come "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Berg 1949:992, Okada 1961:627, Trewavas 1973:567, Lee et al. 1980:779, Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:234, Cadwallader & Backhouse 1983:129, Dor 1984:192, Yoshino & Senou in Masuda et al. 1984:119, Smith 1986:437, Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1202, Robins & Ray 1986:212, Thomson 1986:348, Ortega & Vari 1986:19, Smith & Smith 1986:718, Wu & Lu in Kuang et al. 1986:203, Allen & Swainston 1988:110, Robison & Buchanan 1988:472, Scott & Scott 1988:400, Pequeño 1989:63, Paulin et al. 1989:205, Winterbottom et al. 1989:50, McAllister 1990:154, Thomson 1990:859, Allen 1991:147, Coad 1991:26], Liu & Shen 1991:275, Talwar & Jhingran 1991:896, Liang in Pan et al. 1991:345, Cervigón 1992:361, Albaret in Lévêque et al. 1992:783, Boschung 1992:153, Indra 1993:189, Krishnan & Mishra 1993:230, Etnier & Starnes 1993:379, Kuiter 1993:263, Kottelat et al. 1993:125, Swift et al. 1993:132, Bianchi & Carpenter in Bianchi et al. 1993:167, Francis 1993:164, Gomon et al. 1994:662, Poll & Gosse 1995:107, Allen & Robertson 1994:194, Goren & Dor 1994:51, Knight & Hastings 1994:150, Harrison in Fischer et al. 1995:1297, Coad 1995:29, Zhu 1995:166, Mohsin & Ambak 1996:202, Thomson in McDowall 1996:193, Coad 1996:86, Mettee et al. 1996:745, Chen et al. 1997:37, Grove & Lavenberg 1997:460, Kottelat 1997:158, Murdy et al. 1997:186, Allen 1997:176, Thomson 1997:483, Larson & Williams 1997:364, Carpenter et al. 1997:204, Kim 1997:372, Arruda 1997:114, Takahashi et al. 1997:46, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:748, Sokolov 1998:115, Coad 1998:103, McEachran & Fechhelm 1998:875, Castro et al. 1998:79, Chirichigno F. & Vélez D. 1998:198, Sokolovskaya et al. 1998:12, Sato et al. 1998:40, Marquet et al. 1999:43, Chang et al. 1999:39, Fricke 1999:360, Keith et al. 1999:82, Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:181, Harrison & Senou 1999:2096, Mizuno et al. 1999:10, Mishra et al. 1999:87, Afonso et al. 1999:83, Johnson 1999:742, Fuller et al. 1999:277, Dyer 2000:85, Keith et al. 2000:20, Ruiz-Campos et al. 2000:72, Koutrakis & Economidis 2000:299, Senou in Randall & Lim 2000:625, Rafique 2000:327, Azeroual et al. 2000:20, Sadovy & Cornish 2000:48, Thomson et al. 2000:288, Bijukumar & Sushama 2000:187, Iwatsuki et al. 2000:103, Schmitter-Soto et al. 2000:153, Chereshnev & Shestakov 2001:382, Hutchins 2001:38, Ross et al. 2001:345, Wang et al. 2001:204, Skelton 2001:351, Camargo & Isaac 2001:141, Kim & Park 2002:294, Allen et al. 2002:255, Bilecenoglu et al. 2002:107, Moyle 2002:441, Thompson in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:277, Youn 2002:362, 630, López et al. 2002:64, Harrison 2003:1079, Mirza 2003:21], Harrison 2003:7, Manilo & Bogorodsky 2003:S113, Fedorov et al. 2003:131, Jang et al. 2003:119, Parin 2003:S16, Ghasemzadeh et al. 2004:9, Randall et al. 2004:8, Khan 2003:10, Nelson et al. 2004:97, Heemstra et al. 2004:3327], Miller & Robison 2004:279, Boschung & Mayden 2004:368, Heemstra & Heemstra 2004:367, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:174, Randall 2005:77, Vassilev & Pehlivanov 2005:176, Ibáñez & Gallardo-Cabello 2005:305, Mundy 2005:278, Miller 2005:183. Catalogo: Fernholm & Wheeler 1983:257-258. Località tipo: mari europei, Europa. Tipo: mancante. Possibili sintipi: NRM 43 (1), 44 (2), 143 (1).

Mugil cephalus cephalus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 316. Status: nuova nomenclatura, non valida.

Mugil albula Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Nat. ed. 12 v. 1 (pt 1) 520. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Okada 1961:628, Smith 1986:437, Thomson 1997:484. Catalogo: Wheeler 1985:63. Località tipo: Carolina, U.S.A., e Jamaica. Tipo: Linn. Soc. Lond. 139 (mezza pelle sinistra).

Mugil crenilabis our Forsskål, P. 1775. Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit... Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Hauniae. Descr. Animalium 1-20 + i-xxxiv + 1-164; 74, xiv. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Berg 1949:992, Okada 1961:627, Dor 1984:192, Thomson 1986:348, Talwar & Jhingran 1991:896, Coad 1996:6 come "oeur", Kottelat 1997:158, Thomson 1997:484, Harrison & Senou 1999:2096, come "oeur" and "öur", Harrison 2003:1079. Catalogo: Nielsen 1974:73. Olotipo raffigurato in Klausewitz & Nielsen 1965:Pl. 36. Località tipo: Mar Rosso. Tipo: ZMUC P71372 (pelle seccata).

Mugil tang Bloch, M. E. 1794. Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Berlin. Naturg. Ausl. Fische i-iv + 1-174; v. 8 171 Pl. 395. Status: nomenclatura soggetta a discussione, non valida. Opinioni: status incerto per Trewavas 1973:567, Thomson 1997:545;  sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Okada 1961:628, Kottelat 1997:158. Catalogo: Paepke 1999:102. A p. 134 dei trattato di ittiologia di Bloch, v. 11. Lectotipo scelto da Paepke 1999:102. Località tipo: Mar Rosso. Tipo: ZMB 1785. Paralectotipi: ZMB (1, disperso).

Mugil provensalis Risso, A. 1810. Ichthyologie de Nice, ou histoire naturelle des poissons du département des Alpes Maritimes. F. Schoell, Paris. Ichthyol. Nice i-xxxvi + 1-388; 346. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Trewavas 1973:567, Kottelat 1997:158, Thomson 1997:484, Harrison 2003:7. Viene anche considerato sinonimo di "Oedalechilus labeo" (Cuvier 1829) da Trewavas 1973:573. Località tipo: fiume Var, nei pressi di Nizza, Francia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Mugil lineatus Valenciennes (ex Mitchill) in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome onzième. Livre treizième. De la famille des Mugiloïdes. Livre quatorzième. De la famille des Gobioïdes. Hist. Nat. Poiss. i-xx + 1-506 + 2 pp.; v. 11 96. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Okada 1961:628, Smith 1986:437. Catalogo: Blanc & Hureau 1971:694. Località tipo: New York, U.S.A. Tipo: mancante. Sintipi: MNHN 5485 (3).

Mugil perusii (non Valenciennes, 1836). Status, errore d'identificazione, nomenclatura non valida.

Mugil cephalotus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1836. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 11 110. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Okada 1961:627, Trewavas 1973:567, Thomson 1986:348, Skelton 1993:351, Coad 1996:6, Kottelat 1997:158, Thomson 1997:484, Harrison & Senou 1999:2096. Catalogo: Blanc & Hureau 1971:685. Località tipo: Malabar e Pondicherry, India. Tipo: mancante. Sintipi: MNHN 8102 (1) Malabar, A-4645 (1, secco) Pondicherry, A-4698 (1, secco) Pondicherry.

Mugil japonicus Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H. 1845. Pisces, Fauna Japonica 113-172; Parts 7-9 134 Pl. 72 (fig. 1). Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Berg 1949:992, Okada 1961:627, Thomson 1997:484, Harrison & Senou 1999:2096. Lectotipo scelto da Boeseman 1947:116. Località tipo: Nagasaki, Giappone. Tipo: RMNH D1166 (impagliato). Paralectotipi: RMNH D1161-1165 (5, secchi), ?ZMB 7193 (1).

Mugil vulpinus Nardo (ex Chiereghini) 1847. Sinonimia moderna delle specie registrate nell' opera intitolata: "Descrizione de' crostacei, de' testacei e de' pesci che abitanno le lagune e golfo veneto rappresentati in figure à chiaro-scuro ed a colori." Venezia. Sinonimia Moderna Chiereghini col. 127. Status: nomenclatura non disponibile, citata in sinonimia da Chiereghini. Opinioni: in sinonimia di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Kottelat 1997:158.

Mugil chaptalii (non Eydoux & Souleyet, 1850). Status, errore d'identificazione, nomenclatura non valida.

Mugil dobula Günther, A. 1861. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. 3. Gobiidae, Discoboli, Pediculati, Blenniidae, Labyrinthici, Mugilidae, Notacanthi. London. Cat. Fishes i-xxv + 1-586 + i-x; v. 3 420 Fig. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Okada 1961:627, Liu & Shen 1991:275, Thomson 1997:485, Harrison & Senou 1999:2096. Località tipo: Australia e Aneiteum. Tipo: mancante. Sintipi: (attualmente 11) BMNH 1844.2.15.51-52 (2, mezze pelli secche), 1847.6.17.23 (1, mezza pelle secca), 1848.10.25.30 (1, mezza pelle secca), 1851.2.20.7-8 (2) coll. Macgillwray, Australia, 1869.7.18.3 (1).

Mugil ashanteensis Bleeker, P. 1863. Mémoire sur les poissons de la côte de Guinée. Natuurk. Verh. Holland. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem (Ser. 2) 1-136; v. 18 91 Pl. 19 (fig. 2). tatus: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, ma valida sottospecie , per Trewavas 1973:568, Ben-Tuvia in Whitehead et al. 1986:1203; sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Thomson 1986:348, Thomson 1990:859, Kottelat 1997:158, Thomson 1997:485. La nomenclatura originale è "ashanteënsis". Olotipo raffigurato da Boeseman 1963:Pl. 2 (fig. 4). Località tipo: Ashantee, Guinea [attualmente Ghana]. Tipo: RMNH 1631.

Mugil cephalus ashanteensis Bleeker, P. 1863. Natuurk. Verh. Holland. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem (Ser. 2) v. 18 91 Pl. 19 (fig. 2). Status: vedere sopra.

Myxus superficialis Klunzinger, C. B. 1870. Synopsis der Fische des Rothen Meeres. I. Theil. Percoiden-Mugiloiden. Verh. K.-K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 669-834; v. 20 831. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Dor 1984:192, Thomson 1997:485. Catalogo: Fricke 1992:13. Località tipo: Al-Quseir [Kosseir], Egitto, Mar Rosso. Tipo: mancante. Sintipi: MCZ 3813 (2); SMF 1869 (2 or 3); SMNS 1743 (3); ZIN 2640 (2, perduti); ZMB 10511 (1), 7999 (3).

Mugil gelatinosus Klunzinger, C. B. 1872. Zur Fischfauna von Süd-Australien. Arch. Naturgeschichte 17-47; v. 38 (no. 1) 35. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Liu & Shen 1991:275, Thomson 1997:485. Catalogo: Fricke 1992:13. Località tipo: fiume Murray [Hobson's Bay, Victoria, Australia]. Tipo: SMNS 1563.

Mugil occidentalis Castelnau, F. L. 1873. Contribution to the ichthyology of Australia. Nos. III thru IX [with subtitles, indexed as one work]. Proc. Zool. Acclim. Soc. Victoria 37-158; v. 2 135. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di Liu & Shen 1991:275; sinonimo di "Liza vaigiensis" (Quoy & Gaimard 1825),  secondo Dor 1984:192, Thomson 1997:538. Catalogo: Blanc & Hureau 1971:696-697. Località tipo: Australia occidentale. Tipo: mancante. Sintipi: MNHN A-3654 (3), A-3655 (3); NMV 51852 [=A9732] (1) vicino a Fremantle.

Mugil mexicanus Steindachner, F. 1876. Ichthyologische Beiträge (III). Bemerkungen über "Serranus nebulifer" und "S. clathratus" sp. Gird. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 29-96; v. 72 (1. Abth.) 86 [58] Pl. 8. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Okada 1961:628, Thomson 1997:485, Castro-Aguirre et al. 1999:182. Località tipo: Acapulco, Messico. Tipo: NMW 67346.

Myxus caecutiens Günther, A. 1876. Remarks on fishes, with descriptions of new species in the British Museum, chiefly from southern seas. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 4) 389-402; v. 17 (no. 101) 397. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Thomson 1986:348, Kottelat 1997:158, Thomson 1997:485, Fricke 1999:361. Località tipo: isola Rodriguez, arcipelago delle Mascarene, Oceano Indian. Tipo: mancante. Sintipi: BMNH 1876.3.11.31-32 (2).

Mugil grandis Castelnau, F. L. 1879. Essay on the ichthyology of Port Jackson. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 347-402; v. 3 (pt 4) 386. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Liu & Shen 1991:275, Thomson 1997:485. Località tipo: Port Jackson Australia. Tipo: mancante. Sintipi: collocazione attuale ignota.

Mugil muelleri Klunzinger, C. B. 1879. Die v. Müller'sche Sammlung Australischer Fische. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 254-261; v. 80 (1. Abth.) (3-4) 259. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Liu & Shen 1991:275 come "mulleri", Thomson 1997:485. Catalogo: Fricke 1992:13. La nomenclatura originaria è "Mülleri". Località tipo: King George Sound, Australia occidentale. Tipo: SMNS 2572 (non trovato).

Mugil hypselosoma Ogilby, J. D. 1897. New genera and species of Australian fishes. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 62-95; v. 22 (pt 1) 74. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Okada 1961:628, Liu & Shen 1991:275, Thomson 1997:485). Località tipo: Port Jackson e Botany Bay, Australia. Tipo: mancante. Sintipi: (2).

Myxus pacificus Steindachner, F. 1900. Fische aus dem Stillen Ocean. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland, 1896-1897). Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 174-178; v. 16 175. Status: nomenclatura soggetta a discussione, non valida. Opinioni: discutibile come sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758; forse esemplare immaturo di "Chaenomugl leuciscus" (Günther 1872), secondo Thomson 1997:545. Catalogo: Wahlert 1955:326. Località tipo: isole Laysan e Leeward, Hawaii, U.S.A. Tipo: UMB (non trovato).

Myxus barnardi Gilchrist, J. D. F. and Thompson, W. W. 1914. Descriptions of fishes from the coast of Natal (Part IV.). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 65-95; v. 13 (pt 3) 83. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Mugil cephalus" Linnaeus 1758, per Smith & Smith 1986:718, Thomson 1997:485. Località tipo: Durban, Natal, South Africa. Tipo: SAM 12428.

Mugil galapagensis (non Ebeling, 1961). Status, errore d'identificazione, nomenclatura non valida.

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