Il salmone reale, Oncorhynchus tshawitscha (Walbaum, 1792)

Nomi comuni esteri - Spagnolo - Salmón boquinegra, Salmon chinook, Salmón chinook, Salmón real, Salmón rey. Portoghese - Salmao-real, Salmão-real. Francese - Saumon chinook, Saumon royal. Inglese - King salmon, Chinook, Chinook salmon, Blackmouth, Quinnat salmon. Tedesco - Königslachs, Quinnat. Olanda - Chinook zalm. Danimarca - Kongelaks. Svezia - Kungslax. Norvegia - Chinook. Finlandia - Kuningaslohi. Polonia - Czawycza. Russia - Chavycha. Giappone - Masunosuke.

Salmo tshawytscha Walbaum, 1792. Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium. In quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae pars III. Ant. Ferdin. Rose, Grypeswaldiae [Greifswald]. Artedi Piscium [i-viii] + 1-723; Pt. 3 71. Status: nomenclatura originaria, non valida. Opinioni: nomenclatura valida come "Salmo tshawytscha" Walbaum 1792, per Kawanabe & Mizuno 1989:204; nomenclatura valida come "Oncorhynchus tshawytscha" (Walbaum 1792), secondo Berg 1948:188 come "tschawytscha", Okada 1961:309, Lee et al. 1980:91, Eschmeyer & Herald 1983:77, Cadwallader & Backhouse 1983:156, Ida in Masuda et al. 1984:40, Smith 1986:224, Scott & Scott 1988:120, Paxton et al. 1989:164, Pequeño 1989:28 come "tschawytscha", Paulin et al. 1989:91, McAllister 1990:85, Tomelleri & Eberle 1990:47, Page & Burr 1991:52, Stearley & Smith 1993:22, La Rivers 1994:247, Davies & McDowall in McDowall 1996:89, Chereshnev 1996:604 come "tschawytscha", Kubota & Tsukada 1996:56, Zolotukhin 1997:270 come "tschawytscha", Reshetnikov et al. 1997:729 come "tschawytscha", Thurow et al. 1997:1094, Dorofeeva & Savvaitova 1998:33, De la Cruz-Agüero 1999:77, Fuller et al. 1999:250, Dyer 2000:89 come "tschawytscha", Lyons et al. 2000:51, Nakabo 2000:303 come "tschawytscha", Sheiko & Fedorov 2000:20 come "tschawytscha", Bogutskaya et al. 2001:45 come "tschawytscha", Chereshnev et al. 2001:86 come "tschawytscha", Pietsch et al. 2001:143, Allen et al. 2002:358, Mecklenburg et al. 2002:207, Nakabo 2002:303, Moyle 2002:251, Fedorov et al. 2003:38 come "tschawytscha", Wydoski & Whitney 2003:81, Nelson et al. 2004:86, Bailey et al. 2004:152, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:153. Spesso scritto "tschawytscha". Località tipo: Kamchatka, Russia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792). Artedi Piscium Pt. 3 71. Status: nuova nomenclatura, valida.

Oncorhynchus tshawytsha (Walbaum, 1792). Artedi Piscium Pt. 3 71. Status: errore di scrittura, nomenclatura non valida.

Salmo tschawytscha Walbaum, 1792. Artedi Piscium Pt. 3 71. Status: errore di scrittura, nomenclatura non valida.

Oncorhynchus tschawytscha (Walbaum, 1792). Artedi Piscium Pt. 3 71. Status: errore di scrittura, nomenclatura non valida.

Salmo tschawytscha Bloch & Schneider 1801. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini. Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum. Systema Ichthyol. i-lx + 1-584; 407. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Oggettivo sinonimo di "Oncorhynchus tshawytscha" (Walbaum 1792). Apparentemente descritto indipendentemente da Walbaum 1792, ma fondata sulle stesse fonti. Località tipo Kamchatka, Russia.

Salmo orientalis Pallas, 1814. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicilia, mores et descriptiones anatomen atque icones plurimorum. 3 vols. [1811-1814]. Petropoli. Zool. Rosso-Asiatica i-vii + 1-428 + index (I-CXXV); v. 3 367. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Oncorhynchus tshawytscha" (Walbaum 1792), per Berg 1948:188, Okada 1961:309, La Rivers 1994:247, Dorofeeva & Savvaitova 1998:33. Località tipo: Kamchatka, Russia. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi e/o Pallas specimen: NMW 91248 (1, secco), ZMB 23562 (1, secco).

Salmo quinnat Richardson, 1836. The Fish. In: Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under the command of Sir John Franklin, R.N. Fauna Boreali-Americana i-xv + 1-327; Part 3 219. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Oncorhynchus tshawytscha" (Walbaum 1792), per Berg 1948:188, Okada 1961:309, La Rivers 1994:247, Scott & Crossman 1998:177. Località tipo: fiume Columbia, Nord America. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Salmo cooperi Suckley, 1861. Notices of certain new species of North American Salmonidae, chiefly in the collection of the N. W. Boundary Commission, in charge of Archibald Campbell, Esq., Commissioner of the United States, collected by Doctor C. B. R. Kennerly, naturalist to the... Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 306-313; v. 7 (art. 30) 311. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Oncorhynchus tshawytscha" (Walbaum 1792), per La Rivers 1994:247, Scott & Crossman 1998:177. Località tipo: fiume Columbia e fiume Okanakani, Nord America. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: (molti) USNM 3642 (1, perduto), 3643 (1).

Oncorhynchus cooperi (Suckley, 1861). Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. v. 7 (art. 30) 311. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida, vedere sopra.

Salmo warreni Suckley, 1861. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. v. 7 (art. 30) 308. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Oncorhynchus nerka" (Walbaum 1792), per Okada 1961:301; sinonimo di "Oncorhynchus tshawytscha" (Walbaum 1792), secondo La Rivers 1994:247, Scott & Crossman 1998:177. Località tipo: fiume Fraser, British Columbia, Canada. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: USNM 2070 (1), 2073 (1).

Oncorhynchus chouicha Jordan & Gilbert, 1883. Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. i-liv + 1-1018; No. 16 306. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. emendamento non giustificato di S. tshawytscha Walbaum 1792. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Oncorhynchus tshawytscha" (Walbaum 1792), per Berg 1948:188, Okada 1961:309).

Fonti bibliografiche principali - Page & Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. Pagina 52.

Bibliografia - Allen, M.J. and G.B. Smith, 1988 Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 66, 151 p.

Altman, P.L. and D.S. Dittmer, Editors, 1971 Respiration and circulation. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, U.S.A.

American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 1984 Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. Based on an international symposium dedicated to the memory of Elbert Halvor Ahlstrom, 15-18 August 1983, La Jolla, California. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication No. 1. 760 p.

Anon., 1994 U. S. GLOBEC - Global ocean ecosystems dynamics, a component of the U. S. Global Change Research Program. Eastern Boundary Current Program - A Science Plan for the California Current, Rep. No. 11, August.

Anon., 1996 Fish collection database of the University of British Columbia Fish Museum Fish Museum University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Anon., 1999 Fish collection database of the Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)). Natural History Museum, London (formerly British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)).

Anon., 2000 The icthyological collection of the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). Division of Icthyology and Herpetology, Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH).

Anon., 2001 Fish collection database of the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.

Anon., 2001 Fish collection database of the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen.

Anon., 2002 Fish collection database of the American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West , NY 10024-5192, USA.

Anon., 2002 Fish collection of the Royal British Columbia Museum. Royal British Columbia Museum, 675 Belleville Street, Victoria BC, Canada V8V 1X4.

Anon., 2003 Fish collection of the Royal Ontario Museum. Royal Ontario Museum.

Aoki, T., 1999 Motile Aeromonads (Aeromonas hydrophila). p.427-453. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l.

Arkhipchuk, V.V., 1999 Chromosome database. Database of Dr. Victor Arkhipchuk.

Armitage, R.O., D.A. Payne, G.J. Lockley, H.M. Currie, R.L. Colban, B.G. Lamb and L.J. Paul, Editors., 1994 Guide book to New Zealand commercial fish species. Revised edition. New Zealand Fishing Industry Board, Wellington, New Zealand, 216 p.

Arthington, A.H., 1989 Impacts of introduced and translocated freshwater fishes in Australia. p. 7-20. In: S.S. de Silva (ed.) Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Proccedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asia Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 3, 154 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines.

Auer, N.A., 1982 Family Salmonidae, trouts. p. 80-145. In N.A. Auer (ed.) Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Special Publ. 82-3, 744 p.

Baensch, H.A. and R. Riehl, 1997 Aquarien Atlas, Band 5. Mergus Verlag, Melle, Germany. 1148 p.

Bean, T.H., 1894 Life history of the salmon. Bull. U.S. Fish. Comm. 12:21-38.

Beitinger, T.L. and W.A. Bennett, 2000 Quantification of the role of acclimation temperature in temperature tolerance of fishes. Environ. Biol. Fish. 58:277-288.

Berg, L.S., 1962 Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. volume 1, 4th edition. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd, Jerusalem.

Billard, R., 1997 Les poissons d'eau douce des rivières de France. Identification, inventaire et répartition des 83 espèces. Lausanne, Delachaux & Niestlé, 192p.

Biología Marina, 2004 Nomina de especies comerciales de Chile. Biología Marina website, August 2004.

Boustead, N.C., 1993 Detection and New Zealand distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis, the cause of whirling disease of salmonids. N.Z. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 27(4):431-436.

Brodeur, R.D. and W.G. Pearcy, 1990 Trophic relations of juvenile pacific salmon off the Oregon and Washington coast. Fish. Bull. 88(4):617-636.

Brodeur, R.D., 1991 Ontogenetic variations in the type and size of prey consumed by juvenile coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch, and chinook, O. tshawytscha, salmon. Environ. Biol. Fish. 30:303-315.

Browne, P., J.L. Laake and R.L. DeLong, 2002 Improving pinniped diet analyses through identification of multiple skeletal structures in fecal samples. Fish. Bull. 100:423-433.

Browning, R.J., 1980 Fisheries of the North Pacific, Revised edition. Alaska Northwest Publ., Anchorage.

Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung, 2003 Verzeichnis der Handelsbezeichnungen für Erzeugnisse der Fischerei und der Aquakultur.

Burrows, R.E. and N.L. Karrick, 1947 A biological assay of the nutritional value of certain salmon cannery waste products. p. 71-89. In Utilization of Alaskan salmon cannery waste. U.S. Dept. Commerce, Office Tech. Serv. Indust. Res. Devel. Div. Rept. 1.

Butler, C. and D. Miyauchi, 1947 The preparation of vitamin oils from salmon cannery offal by the alkali digestion process. p. 52-70. In Utilization of Alaskan salmon cannery waste. U.S. Dept. Commerce, Office Tech. Serv., Indust. Res. Devel. Div. Rept. 1.

Carl, G.C., W.A. Clemens and C.C. Lindsey, 1959 The freshwater fishes of British Columbia (3rd revision). (Reprinted 1977). B.C. Prov. Mus. Handb. 5: 192 p.

Chadderton, W.L., N. Grainger and T. Dean, 2003 Appendix 1 - Prioritising control of invasive freshwater fish. p. 171-174. In: Department of Conservation. Managing invasive freshwater fish in New Zealand. Proceedings of a workshop hosted by Department of Conservation, 10-12 May 2001, Hamilton. xiv + 174 p.

Clemens, W.A. and G.V. Wilby, 1946 Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 68: 368 p.

Clemens, W.A. and G.V. Wilby, 1961 Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. 2nd ed. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada Bull. (68):443 p.

Comrie, B., S. Matthews and M. Polinsky (eds), 1996 The atlas of languages. The origin and development of languages throughout the world. Checkmark Books, 244 p.

Craig, P.C., 1984 Fish use of coastal waters of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea: a review. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 113(3):265-282.

Crespo, J., J. Gajate and R. Ponce, 2001 Clasificación científica e identificación de nombres vernáculos existentes en la base de datos de seguimiento informático de recursos naturales oceánicos. Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Madrid, Spain.

Danko, J.P., 1998 Building a reliable database from a native oral tradition using fish-related terms from the Saanich language. p. 29-33. In: D. Pauly, T. Pitcher and D. Preikshot (eds.) Back to the future: reconstructing the Strait of Georgia Ecosystem. 99 p. The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. Canada.

De La Cruz-Agüero, J., 1999 A first mexican record of the chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Calif. Fish Game 85(2):77-78.

Drummond Sedgwick, S., 1982 The salmon handbook: the life and cultivation of fishes of the salmon family. Andre Deutsch Ltd., London, UK, 247 p.

Eaton, J.G., J.H. McCormick, B.E. Goodno, D.G. O'Brien, H.G. Stefany, M. Hondzo and R.M. Scheller, 1995 A field information-based system for estimating fish temperature tolerances. Fisheries 20(4):10-18.

Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983 A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 336 p.

Eschmeyer, W.N., Editor, 1998 Catalog of fishes. Special Publication, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 volumi 2905 p.

Evermann, B.W. and E.L. Goldsborough, 1907 The fishes of Alaska. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 26: 219-360.

FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service, 1993 Aquaculture production (1985-1991). FAO Fish. Circ. 815, Rev. 5. 213 p.

FAO, 1992 FAO Yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings, volume 74. FAO Fish. Series 43. 677 p.

FAO, 1996 Aquaculture production statistics 1985-1994. FAO Fish. Circ. 815. 189 p.

FAO-FIGIS, 2001 A world overview of species of interest to fisheries. Chapter: Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. FIGIS Species Fact Sheets. Species Identification and Data Programme-SIDP, FAO-FIGIS.

Fedorov, V.V., I.A. Chereshnev, M.V. Nazarkin, A.V. Shestakov and V.V. Volobuev, 2003 Catalog of marine and freswater fishes of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2003. 204 p.

Fisher, J.P. and W.G. Pearcy, 1995 Distribution, migration, and growth of juvenile chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, off Oregon and Washington. Fish. Bull. 93:274-289.

Fisheries Branch, 1994 Freshwater Fishing Regulations Synopsis, 1994-1996. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Fisheries Branch, Canada. 63 p.

Food and Agriculture Organization, 1992 FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105):647 p.

Frimodt, C., 1995 Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England. 215 p.

Garibaldi, L., 1996 List of animal species used in aquaculture. FAO Fish. Circ. 914. 38 p.

Gerstmeier, R. and T. Romig, 1998 Die Süßwasserfische Europas: für Naturfreunde und Angler. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. 368 p.

Gharrett, A.J., S.M. Shirley and G.R. Tromble., 1987 Genetic relationships among populations of Alaskan chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 765-774.

Grabda, E. and T. Heese, 1991 Polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby. Cyclostomata et Pisces. Wyzsza Szkola Inzynierska w Koszalinie. Koszalin, Poland. 171 p.

Groot, S.J. de, 1985 Introductions of non-indigenous fish species for release and culture in the Netherlands. Aquaculture 46:237-257.

Hart, J.L., 1973 Pacific fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 180:740 p.

Hartley, S.E. and M.T. Horne, 1984 Chromosome relationships in the genus Salmo. Chromosoma 90: 229-237.

Healey, M.C., 1982 Catch, escapement and stock-recruitment for British Columbia chinook salmon since 1951. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1107; 77 p.

Hedrick, P.W., V.K. Rashbrook and D. Hedgecock, 2000 Effective population size of winter-run chinook salmon based on microsatellite analysis of returning spawners. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57(12):2368-2373.

Hinegardner, R. and D.E. Rosen., 1972 Cellular DNA content and the evolution of teleostean fishes. Am. Nat. 106(951):621-644.

Hobson, E.S., 2000 Interannual variation in predation on first-year Sebastes spp. by three northern California predators. Fish. Bull. 99(2):292-302.

Holcík, J., 1991 Fish introductions in Europe with particular reference to its central and eastern part. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 (Suppl. 1):13-23.

Horne, M.T. and A.C. Barnes, 1999 Enteric redmouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri). p.455-477. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l.

Hugg, D.O., 1996 MAPFISH georeferenced mapping database. Freshwater and estuarine fishes of North America. Life Science Software. Dennis O. and Steven Hugg, 1278 Turkey Point Road, Edgewater, Maryland, USA.

Hureau, J.-C., 1991 La base de données GICIM: Gestion informatisée des collections ichthyologiques du Muséum. p. 225-227. In Atlas Preliminaire des Poissons d'Eaux Douce de France. Conseil Supérieur de la Pêche, Ministère de l'Environment, CEMAGREF et Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

IGFA, 2001 Database of IGFA angling records until 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, USA.

International Game Fish Association, 1991 World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA.

Jones, R. and B. Lefeaux-Valentine (eds), 1991 Gwaii Hannas South Moresby National Park Reserve: Review of Vertebrate Fishery Resources. Gwaii Hannas South Moresby National Park Reserve, 234 p. + appendices.

Jones, R., 1999 Haida names and utilization of common fish and marine mammals. p. 39-48. In N. Haggan and A. Beattie (eds.) Back to the Future: Reconstructing the Hecate Strait Ecosystem. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 7(3). 65 p.

Jordan, D.S. and B.W. Evermann, 1896 The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the isthmus of Panama. Part I. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 47:1-1240.

Jude, D. J., F.J. Tesar, S.F. Deboe and T.J. Miller, 1987 Diet and selection of major prey species by Lake Michigan salmonids, 1973-1982. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 116(5):677-691.

Keith, P., J. Allardi and B. Moutou, 1992 Livre rouge des espèces menacées de poissons d'eau douce de France et bilan des introductions. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Secretariat de la Faune et de la Flore, Conseil Supérieur de la Peche, CEMAGREF and Ministère de l'Environment, 111 p.

Klinkhardt, M, M. Tesche and H. Greven, 1995 Database of fish chromosomes. Westarp Wissenschaften.

Kotlyar, A.N., 1984 Dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages. All Union Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow. 288 p.

Laake, J.L., P. Browne, R.L. DeLong and H.R. Huber., 2002 Pinniped diet composition: a comparison of estimation models. Fish. Bull. 100:434-447.

Lamb, A. and P. Edgell, 1986 Coastal fishes of the Pacific northwest. Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd., B.C., Canada. 224 p.

Lannan, C.N., J.L. Batholomew and J.L. Fryer, 1999 Chlamydial infections of fish: Epitheliocystis. p.255-267. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders Vol. 3: Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Int'l.

Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister and J.R. Stauffer, 1980 Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History. 867 p.

Maciolek, J.A., 1984 Exotic fishes in Hawaii and other islands of Oceania. p. 131-161. In W.R. Courtenay, Jr. and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. (eds.) Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

MacKinnon, M., 1987 Review of inland fisheries - Australia. FAO Fish. Rep. (371) Suppl:1-37.

Masuda, H. and G.R. Allen, 1993 Meeresfische der Welt - Groß-Indopazifische Region. Tetra Verlag, Herrenteich, Melle. 528 p.

Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino, 1984 The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p.

McDowall, R.M., 1984 Exotic fishes: The New Zealand experience. p. 200-214. In W.R. Courtenay, Jr. and J.R. Stauffer (eds.) Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA.

McDowall, R.M., 1990 Freshwater fishes and fisheries of New Zealand -The angler's el dorado. Aquat. Sci. 2(2):281-341.

McDowall, R.M., 1990 New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide. Hinemann Reed Auckland. 553 p.

McPhail, J. D. and C.C. Lindsey, 1970 Freshwater fishes of northwestern Canada and Alaska. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 173:381 p.

McPhail, J.D. and R. Carveth, 1993 Field key to the freshwater fishes of British Columbia. Fish Museum, Department of Zoology, U.B.C., Canada, 239 p.

Monnerjahn, U., 1999 Freshwater fishes of Germany. A checklist compiled from German FischKataster of the Bundesländer and from the German 'Rote Liste'.

Morrow, J.E., 1980 The freshwater fishes of Alaska. University of. B.C. Animal Resources Ecology Library. 248p.

Muramoto, J., S. Ohno and N.B. Atkin, 1968 On the diploid state of the fish order Ostariophysi. Chromosoma 24(1):59-66.

Murua, H. and F. Saborido-Rey, 2003 Female reproductive strategies of marine fish species of the North Atlantic. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 33:23-31.

Myers, R.A., J. Bridson and N.J. Barrowman, 1995 Summary of worldwide spawner and recruitment data. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2024. 274 p.

Native Fish Australia, 2003 A taxonomic summary of Australian freshwater fish.

Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea, and J.D. Williams, 2004 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland.

Nigrelli, R.F., 1959 Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. p. 212-230. In G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen and M. O'Connor (eds.) Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London.

obins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott, 1980 A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.

Okiyama, M., 1993 An atlas of the early stage fishes in Japan. Koeltz Scientific Books, Germany.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1990 Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. Fishing News Books, Oxford. Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 3691 FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service, 1991 Aquaculture production (1986-1989). FAO Fish. Circ. 815, Rev. 3. 141 p.

Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991 A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p.

Paulin, C., A. Stewart, C. Roberts and P. McMillan, 1989 New Zealand fish: a complete guide. National Museum of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series No. 19. 279 p.

Paxton, J.R., D.F. Hoese, G.R. Allen and J.E. Hanley, 1989 Pisces. Petromyzontidae to Carangidae. Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Vol. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 665 p.

Phillips, R.B., K.A. Pleyte, and P.E. Ihssen, 1989 Patterns of chromosomal nucleolar organizer region (NOR) variation in fishes of the genus Salvelinus. Copeia 1989:47-53.

Phillips, R.B., K.D. Zajicek and F.M. Utter, 1985 Q band chromosomal polymorphisms in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Copeia 1985(2):273-278.

Pietsch, T.W., K. Amaoka, D.E. Stevenson, E.L. MacDonald, B.K. Urbain and J.A. López, 2000 Freshwater fishes of the Kuril Islands and adjacent regions. International Kuril Island Project (IKIP), University of Washington Fish Collection, Washington, 18 p.

Plumb, J.A., 1999 Edwardsiella Septicaemias. p.479-521. In P.T.K. Woo and D.W. Bruno (eds.) Fish Diseases and Disorders, Vol. 3: Viral, Bacterial and Fungal Infections. CAB Int'l.

Preikshot, D. and J. Leer, 1998 An annotated list of Alutiiq words relevant to modeling the Prince William Sound ecosystem. p. 92-122. In: T.A. Okey and D. Pauly (eds.) Trophic Mass-Balance Model of Alaska's Prince William Sound Ecosystem, for the Post-Spill Period 1994-1996. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 6(4). University of British Columbia, Canada. 144 pp.

Quast, J.C. and E.L. Hall, 1972 List of fishes of Alaska and adjacent waters with a guide to some of their literature. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-658, 47 p.

Quinn, S., 2001 How long do fish live? In-Fisherman 26(5):15.

Randall, D.J., D. Mense and R.G. Boutilier, 1987 The effects of burst swimming on aerobic swimming in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Mar. Behav. Physiol. 13:77-88.

Randall, J.E., 1987 Introductions of marine fishes to the Hawaiian Islands. Bull. Mar. Sci. 41(2):490-502.

Randolph, S. and M. Snyder, 1993 The seafood list: FDA's guide to acceptable market names for seafood sold in interstate commerce. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, USA. pag. var.

Reshetnikov, Y.S., N.G. Bogutskaya, E.D. Vasil'eva, E.A. Dorofeeva, A.M. Naseka, O.A. Popova, K.A. Savvaitova, V.G. Sideleva and L.I. Sokolov, 1997 An annotated check-list of the freshwater fishes of Russia. J. Ichthyol. 37(9):687-736.

Richardson, J., 1836 The fish. Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoology of of the northern parts of British America. (3): 327 p.

Ricker, W.E., 1973 Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.

Riede, K., 2004 Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Germany. 329 p.

Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea and W.B. Scott, 1991 Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.

Rondorf, D.W., G.A. Gray and R.B. Fairley, 1990 Feeding ecology of subyearling chinook salmon in riverine and reservoir habitats of the Columbia River. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 119(1):16-24.

Sambilay, V.C., Jr., 1990 Interrelationships between swimming speed, caudal fin aspect ratio and body length of fishes. Fishbyte 8(3):16-20.

Sanches, J.G., 1989 Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalizaçao estatística). Publicaçoes avulsas do I.N.I.P. No. 14. 322 p.

Schultz, L.P., 1938 The breeding habits of salmon and trout. Ann. Rept. Smithson. Inst. 1937(1938): 365-376.

Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can. 184:1-966.

Seafood Services Australia, 2004 Austalian Fish Names List.

Simon, R.C., 1963 Chromosome morphology and species evolution in the five North American species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus). J. Morphol. 112:77-97.

Sobolevskii, E.I. and I.A. Senchenko, 1996 The spatial structure and trophic connections of abundant pelagic fish of Eastern Kamchatka in the Autumn and Winter. J. Ichthyol. 36(1):30-39.

Stevens, D.E., 1966 Food habits of striped bass, Roccus saxatilis in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. p. 68-96. In J.L. Turner and D. W. Kelly (comp.) Ecological studies of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Part II Fishes of the Delta, Fish. Bull. 136.

Stiassny, M.L.J. and N. Raminosoa, 1994 The fishes of the inland waters of Madagascar. p.133-148. In: G.G. Teugels, J.-F. Guégan and J.-J. Albaret (eds.) Biological diversity of African fresh- and brackish water fishes. Geographical overviews presented at the PARADI Symposium, Senegal, 15-20 November 1993. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool. 275:177 p.

Suckley, G., 1862 Notices of certain new species of North American Salmonidae, chiefly in the collection of the N. W. Boundary Commission, in charge of Archibald Campbell, Esq., commissioner of the United States, collected by Doctor C.B.R. Kennerly, naturalist to the commission. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 7:306-313.

Swedish Museum of Natural History, 1999 NRM Ichthyology collection database. Ichthyology Section, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.

Teel, D.J., G.B. Milner, G.A. Winans and W.S. Grant, 2000 Genetic population structure and origin of life history types in chinook salmon in British Columbia, Canada. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 129(1):194-209.

Tokranov, A.M. and V.V. Maksimenkov, 1995 Feeding habits of predatory fishes in the Bol'shaya River estuary (West Kamchatka). J. Ichthyol. 35(9):102-112.

Vasil'ev, V.P., 1980 Chromosome numbers in fish-like vertebrates and fish. J. Ichthyol. 20(3):1-38.

Vigliano, P.H. and G. Darrigran, 2002 Argentina's Freshwater Systems, Aliens in Wonderland p. 25-44 In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Aquatic Invasive Species.

Vronsky, B.B., 2003 Chinook salmon. P. 87-89 in Condition of biological resources of the North-West Pacific. Siniakov, S.A., N.I. Naumenko, Yu.P. Diakov, O.G. Zolotov, and B.B. Vronsky (Eds.). Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, KamchatNIRO.

Walbaum, J.J., 1792 Petri Artedi renovati. Part 3. Petri Artedi sueci genera Piscium in quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum diffentiis, observationibus plumiris. Redactis Speciebus 2. Ichthyologiae, part III. 723 p. Grypeswaldiae.

Watkinson, S., 1999 An annotated list of Tsimshian (Sm'algyax) words pertaining to the marine ecosystem. p. 28-38. In: N. Haggan and A. Beattie (eds.) Back to the Future: Reconstructing the Hecate Strait Ecosystem. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 7(3):65 p.

Welcomme, R.L., 1988 International introductions of inland aquatic species. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 294. 318 p.

Wilson, G.M., W.K. Thomas and A.T. Beckenbach., 1987 Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Pacific Northwest populations of Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44:1301-1305.

Yamazaki, F., K. Arai, and T. Terao, 1987 Chromosomes of the hybrids between masu salmon and chinook salmon. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 38:34-37.

Zimmerman, M.P., 1999 Food habits of smallmouth bass, walleyes, and northern pikeminnow in the lower Columbia river basin during outmigration of juvenile anadromous salmonids. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 128(6):1036-1054.

Zolotukhin, S.F., 1997 Occurrence of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, in the sea of Japan. J. Ichthyol. 37(2):200-201.