Il salmone atlantico, Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758

Nomi comuni esteri - Francese - Saumon atlantique, Tacon atlantique, Saumon d'eau douce. Inglese - Salmon, Atlantic salmon, Bay salmon, Black salmon, Landlocked salmon, Sea salmon, Silver salmon, Breeder, Sebago salmon, Caplin-scull salmon, Common Atlantic salmon, Salmon peel, Slink, Fiddler, Spring fish, Spring salmon, Grayling, Grilse, Grilt, Ouananiche, Ouinanish, Outside salmon . Gallese - Eog. Tedesco - Lachs, Las, Atlantischer Salmon, Echter Lachs, Salm, Salmling. Spagnolo - Salmón del Atlántico, Salmón, Salmó. Portoghese - Salmâo-do-atlântico, Salmao, Salmão. Greco - Solomós, Solomos. Olandese - Zalm, Hengst, Ijle zalm, Jacobzalm. Danese - Nedfaldslaks, Laks, Atlanterhavslaks, Atlantisk laks. Svedese - Gullspångslax, Vraklax. Norvegese - Laks, Laks atlantisk. Islandese - Skællaks, Lax, Hoplax. Finnico - Lohi, Kutenut lohi. Gaelico - An bradán, Bradan. Polacco - Losos, Losos szlachetny albo atlantycki. Russo - Losos, Amerikanskiy atlanticheskiy losos', Semga. Serbo - Losos, Salmon. Ceco - Losos atlantsky, Losos obecný. Slovacco - Losos obycajný. Rumeno - Somon de Atlantic. Turco - Alabalik atlantik. Giapponese - Sake masu-rui. Lingua inuit - Kapisalirksoak, Kapisilik, Kavisilik, Kebleriksorsoak, Kumaliq, Saama, Saamakutaak, Sâma, Saamarug. Lingua Salish - Shmexwalsh, Shamet skelex, Schaanexw, Sináech, Sk'wel'eng's schaanexw, Spak'ws schaanexw, St'thkway', Slhop' schaanexw, K'wit'thet, K'wolexw.

Salmo salar Linnaeus, C. 1758: Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae, 10 v. 1, Status: nomenclatura originaria, valida. Opinioni: nomenclatura valida come "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Berg 1948:205, Dymond 1963:460, Svetovidov 1973:145, Lee et al. 1980:108, Svetovidov in Whitehead et al. 1984:381, Smith 1986:228, Robins & Ray 1986:76, Lelek 1987:97, Scott & Scott 1988:129, Paxton et al. 1989:165, Pequeño 1989:29, Paulin et al. 1989:91, McAllister 1990:85, Page & Burr 1991:50, Talwar & Jhingran 1991:720, Stearley & Smith 1993:21, Davies & McDowall in McDowall 1996:85, Chereshnev 1996:604, Coad 1996:85, Chilcott & Humphries 1996:145, Kottelat 1997:138, Murdy et al. 1997:99, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:729, Dorofeeva & Savvaitova 1998:35, Scott & Crossman 1998:192, Dorofeeva 1998:438, Fricke 1999:28, Fuller et al. 1999:257, Dyer 2000:89, Lyons et al. 2000:66, Musick et al. 2000:11, Bogutskaya et al. 2001:46, Hutchins 2001:18, Kocik & Friedland in Collette & Klein-MacPhee 2002:174, Allen et al. 2002:359, Kuzishchin et al. 2002:751, Mecklenburg et al. 2002:202, Delling 2002:298, López et al. 2003:67, Wydoski & Whitney 2003:89, Hanel 2003:57, Nelson et al. 2004:86, Bailey et al. 2004:155, Hammer & Walker 2004:91, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:157, Delling & Doadrio 2005:55. Neotipo designato da Fricke 1999:28, ma ritirato in Fricke 2000:639. Località tipo: mari europei e fiumi. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Trutta salar (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 308. Status: nuova nomenclatura, non valida.

Salmo nobilis Olafsen, 1772. Vice-Lavmand Eggert Olafsens of Land-Physici Biarne Povelsens Reise igiennem Island. Lindgren, Sorse, 83 o 65. Status:  sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Dymond 1963:497, Svetovidov 1973:145, Kottelat 1997:139. Località tipo: Svezia; Heller-Aa, Kortolfstade-Aa e Lar-Aa, Islanda. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Salmo goedenii Bloch, 1784. M. Marcus Elieser Bloch's ..., ausübenden Arztes zu Berlin, Oeconomische Naturgeschichte der Fische Deutschlands. Berlin, v. 3 155 Pl. 102. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Località tipo: mar Baltico a Rügenwalde, Hinterpommern [ora Darlowo, w. Poland]. Tipo: Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt Universitat, Berlino, Germania, 3710.

Salmo salmulus Walbaum, 1792. Petri Artedi Sueci Genera piscium. In quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae, pars iii. Artedi Piscium Pt. 3. 65. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Kottelat 1997:139. Località tipo: fiume Wye, corso superiore del Severn e suoi tributari, nord Inghilterra e Galles, U. K.. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: attuale collocazione ignota.

Salmo caerulescens Schmidt, 1795. Versuch eines Verzeichnisses aller in Böhmen bisher bemerkten Thiere. Samml. Physik.-ökonom. Aufsätze, Prag, v. 1, 65. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Nomen nudum, non disponibile. Opinioni:  in sinonimia di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Kottelat 1997:139. Località tipo: fiume Moldau [Moldavia], Republica Ceca. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Salmo renatus Lacepède, 1803. Histoire naturelle des poissons, v. 5, 157, 224. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo junior di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Kottelat 1997:139. Località tipo: fiume Mosella, Francia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Salmo rilla Lacepède, 1803. Histoire naturelle des poissons, v. 5 157, 224 Pl. 5 (fig. 3). Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo junior di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Kottelat 1997:139. Località tipo: fiume Rille, tributario del fiume Senna, Francia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Salmo nobilis Pallas, 1814. Zool. Rosso-Asiatica v. 3 342. Status: omonimo junior di Salmo nobilis Olafsen 1772:65.  Nomenclatura oggettivamente non valida; occupata precedentemente da "Salmo nobilis" Olafsen 1772. Opinioni: considerata come sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Berg 1948:205, Kottelat 1997:139, Dorofeeva & Savvaitova 1998:35. Località tipo: Baltico, Artico mar Bianco, nei fiumi della Livonia [ora Estonia e Lituania], Estonia, nord della Russia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Salmo hamatus Cuvier, 1829. Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Edition 2, v. 2, 303. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Nomenclatura fondata su Bloch, Pl. 98. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, secondo Svetovidov 1973:145, Kottelat 1997:139, Dymond 1963:497. Catalogo: Bertin 1940:301-302. Località tipo: Europa. Tipo: nessuno. Possibili sintipi: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Parigi, Francia, 0777 (1), A-1064 (1), A-8841 (1, diseccato), A-8553 (1, diseccato).

Salmo ocla Nilsson, 1832. Prodromus ichthyologiae Scandinavicae. Lundae, 4. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Svetovidov 1973:145, Kottelat 1997:139. Località tipo: Älvkarleby sul fiume Dalälfven , a nord di Uppsala, Svezia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Salmo salmo Valenciennes 1848. In Cuvier & Valenciennes. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome vingt et unième. Suite du livre vingt et unième et des Clupéoïdes. Livre vingt-deuxième. De la famille des Salmonoïdes, v. 21, 169, Pl. 614. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Kottelat 1997:139. Catalogo: Bertin 1940:301. Località tipo: Dieppe, Fecamp, Abbeville, Canale della Manica, Mare del Nord, Belgio, Olanda, Inghilterra, Berlino. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Parigi, Francia, A-8552 (1, diseccato), A-8559 (1, diseccato).

Salmo Salar var. lacustris Hardin, 1862. Status: omonimo junior di Salmo lacustris Linnaeus, 1758, nomenclatura non valida. Località tipo: lago Venern [Vànern], Svezia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Trutta relicta Malmgren, 1863 Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758. Località tipo: lago Ladoga a Kexholm, Finlandia [ora in Russia]. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: Zoological Museum, Helsinki, Finlandia, ma questo deve essere verificato.

Salmo gracilis Couch, 1865. The history of the fishes of the British islands. Hist. Fish. Brit. Is. i-iv + 1-439; v. 4 216 Pl. 216. Status: omonimo primario junior di Salmo gracilis Valenciennes 1848, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Kottelat 1997:139, Dymond 1963:498. Località tipo: porto di Fowey, U.K.. Tipo: British Museum, Natural History, Londra.

Salmo hardinii Günther, 1866. Catalogue of fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Salmonidae, Percopsidae, Galaxidae, Mormyridae, Gymnarchidae, Esocidae, Umbridae, Scombresocidae, Cyprinodontidae, in the collection of the British Museum, v. 6, 107. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Basata sorgenti di letteratura ed esemplari conservati. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Kottelat 1997:139, Dymond 1963:498. Località tipo: Lago Vänern, Svezia. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: British Museum, Natural History, Londra, U.K., 1864.11.9.14 (1).

Salmo brevipes Smitt, 1882. Schematisk framställning af de i Riksmuseum befintliga laxartade fiskarnes slägtskapsförhållanden. Oefvers. Vetensk. Akad. Förh. v. 39 (no. 8) 32. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Berg 1948:206, Svetovidov 1973:145, Kottelat 1997:139, Dorofeeva & Savvaitova 1998:35. Località tipo: Arkhangelsk [Arcangelo], Russia; Svezia. Tipo: nessuno. Sintipi: Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stoccolma, Svezia, 24881 (2).

Salmo salar brevipes Smitt, 1882. Oefvers. Vetensk. Akad. Förh. v. 39 (no. 8) 32. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida, vedere sopra.

Salmo salar brevipes relictus Berg, 1932. Status: nomenclatura infrasubspecifica, non disponibile, non valida. Omonimo junior di Trutta relicta Malmgren, 1863. Località tipo: landlocked nei laghi Segosero e Wygosero, bacino del fiume Wyg, Russia.

Salmo salar biennis Berg, 1912. Status: nomenclatura infrasubspecifica, non disponibile, non valida. In Berg, 1934: 714, 1948: 206, 212.

Salmo salar saimensis Seppovaara, 1962. Zur Systematik und Ökologie des Laches und der Forellen in den Binnengewässern Finlands. Ann. Zool. Soc. Zool.-Bot. Fenn. Vanamo Helsinki 1-84; v. 24 78. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Kottelat 1997:139. Località tipo: Iso-Saimaa, Finlandia. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Salmo salar europaeus Payne, Child & Forrest, 1971. Geographical variation in the Atlantic salmon. Nature (Lond.) 250-252; v. 231 (no. 5300) 251. Status: sinonimo junior, nomenclatura non valida. Non necessario nuovo nome subspecifico per gli stock di salmone atlantico che si riproducono nei fiumi europei; il nome subspecifico corretto dovrebbe essere "Salmo salar salar" Linnaeus 1758. Opinioni: sinonimo di "Salmo salar" Linnaeus 1758, per Kottelat 1997:139. Località tipo: Europa. Tipo: non è noto nessun esemplare tipo.

Note sulla sistematica - I salmoni nord americani ed europei sono distinti per numero di cromosomi, patterns enzimatici e per le analisi del DNA (Guyomard, 1994:147; Taggart et al., 1995) e costituiscono due distinte linee genetiche. Payne et al: (1971) concludono stabilendo che non esistono scambi genetici tra i due gruppi, e trattano i due gruppi come sottospecie distinte. A causa della grande differenza genetica, sarebbe più giusto considerarle specie distinte in PSC. In Europa, non si conoscono significative differenze genetiche tra i salmoni anadromi e le forme Land-locked. Esistono però forme anadrome e lacustri che vivono in simpatria nei laghi russi Ladoga ed Onega (L. S. Berg, 1948: 233; O. K. Berg, 1985: 210). Gruppi di popolazioni viventi permanentemente in acqua dolce esistono o esistevano nel lago Vanern in Svezia, nel lago Bygglandsfjord e nei fiumi Namsen e Nidelva in Norvegia, nei laghi Saimaa e nel bacino del Pielinen in Finlandia (L. S. Berg, 1948: 233; O. K. Berg, 1985), queste popolazioni hanno storie indipendenti e dovrebbero essere studiate indipendentemente da quelle dei laghi Ladoga ed Onega. La popolazione diffusa nel lago Saimaa presenta un diverso numero di cromosomi (Seppovaara, 1962: 30). In base ai lavori descrittivi (morfologici e genetici) , tutte queste forme d'acqua dolce dovrebbero essere attentamente studiate ed, eventualmente, considerate specie diverse.

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