Il salmerino artico, Salvelinus alpinus

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Nomi comuni esteri - Fracese - Omble arctique. Inglese - Alpine char, Arctic char. Tedesco - Saibling, Seeforelle, Seesaibling, Seesaibling. Spagnolo - Salvelino arctico. Portoghese - Salvelino-árctico. Danimarca - Fjeldørred, Rødding, Røding. Olanda - Beekridder, Riddervis. Svezia - Fjällröding, Röding. Norvegia - Arktisk roye, Röye, Røye, Royr. Islanda - Bleikja. Finlandia - Nieriä. Serbia - Barjaktarica, Jezerska zlatovcica, Pastrve. Polonia - Golec, Golec zwyczajny. Russia - Goletz, Arkticheskiy golets. Romeno - Pastrav alpin. Giappone - Iwana. Lingua Inuit (eschimese) e dialetti - Situajuq, Akalukpik, Angmalook, Aniaq, Aopalayâk, Aoparktulâyoq, Aupalijaat, Eekalook, Egaluk, Ekalluk, Ekaluk, Ekalupik, Ekaluppik, Ekralugak, Eqalugdlukâq, Eqaluk, Eqäluk, Eqalukâkaq, Eqaluqaq, Erlakukpik, Hiwiterro, I ha look, Ihkaluk, Ikalopik, Ikalukpik, Ikalupik, Ikaluq, Ikaluqpik, Iloraq, Ilorarzuk, Iqalugaq, Iqaluk, Iqalukpiaryuk, Iqalukpik, Iqaluppik, Iqluq, Irkaluk, Ivatarak, Iviksarok, Ivisaaruq, Ivisâroq, Ivisaruk, Ivitaaruq, Ivitagok, Ivitaroq, Ivitaruk, Kaîtilik, Kalukpik, Kaloarpok, Kavasilik, Kavisilik, Kisuajuq, Lixtaa, Majuliqtuq, Nutidilik, Nutidleq, Nutiliarjuk, Situliqtuq, Suvaliviniq, Tadlulik, Tariurmiutaq, Tariurmuarunnanngittuq, Tisuajuk, Tisuajuq, Tisujuittuq. Lingua Cree - Awanans.

Salmo alpinus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Holmiae. Systema Naturae, Ed. X. v. 1: i-ii + 1-824. Sinonimo senior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Nomenclatura valida come Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Berg 1948:267, Svetovidov 1973:147, Lee et al. 1980:111, Svetovidov in Whitehead et al. 1984:383, Robins & Ray 1986:77, Lelek 1987:122, Scott & Scott 1988:137, McAllister 1990:85, Lloris & Rucabado 1991:53, Page & Burr 1991:49, Stearley & Smith 1993:21, López et al. 1996:16, Chereshnev 1996:604, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:729, Kottelat 1997:152, Dorofeeva & Savvaitova 1998:37, Scott & Crossman 1998:201, Alexeev & Pichugin 1998:328, Fuller et al. 1999:260, Bogutskaya et al. 2001:46, Chereshnev et al. 2001:94, Mecklenburg et al. 2002:199, Hanel 2003:58, Nelson et al. 2004:86, Bogutskaya & Naseka 2004:159, Scharpf 2006:33 con varie sottospecie, Kottelat & Freyhof 2007:433. Località tipo - "Lapponiae, Angliae alpibus, solus.". Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salvelinus alpinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 309. Sinonimo senior, cambio di grado.

Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758). Systema Nat. ed. 10 v. 1 309. Sinonimo senior, nuova combinazione, nomenclatura ICZN valida.

Salvelinus alpinus salvelinus (non Linnaeus, 1758). Errore d'identificazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Salmo salvelinus (non Linnaeus, 1758). Errore d'identificazione, nomenclatura ICZN non valida.

Salmo alipes Richardson, 1835. Salmones. In: Ross, Sir. J. Narrative of a second voyage in search of a northwest passage and of a residence in the Arctic regions during 1829-33, etc. Appendix. London. Narrative of a second voyage in search of a northwest passage... Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Scott & Crossman 1998:207. Località tipo - Laghi del Regent's Inlet, Boothia Felix. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo alpinostagnalis Smitt, 1886. Kritisk förteckning öfver de i Riksmuseum befintliga Salmonider. Kongl. Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar v. 21 (n° 8): 1-290 + tables and pls., Pls. 1-6, Tables 1-12. Originariamente descritto col nome alpino-stagnalis. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:153. Località tipo - Godthaab e Godhavn, Groenlandia. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - NRM 12947-49 (4, 4, 4).

Salmo arcturus Günther, 1877. Account of the fishes collected by Capt. Feilden between 78° and 83° N. lat., during the Arctic Expedition 1875-6. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 1877: 293-295, Pl. 32. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Scott & Crossman 1998:207. Località tipo - Lago Victoria (82°34'N), Floeberg Beach (82°28'N), America artica. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - ?BMNH 1877.2.23.1-3 (3), ?1877.2.23.9-11 (3).

Salmo ascanii Valenciennes, 1848. In Cuvier & Valenciennes. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome vingt et unième. Suite du livre vingt et unième et des Clupéoïdes. Livre vingt-deuxième. De la famille des Salmonoïdes. Histoire naturelle des poissons. v. 21: i-xiv + 1 p. + 1-536, Pls. 607-633. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:153. Località tipo - Lago di Christiandsandvis, Norvegia. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo carbonarius Strøm, 1784. Physisk-oeconomisk beskrivelse over Eger-praestgiaeld i Aggerhuus-stift i Norge; tilligemed et geographisk Kort over samme. Gyldendals, Copenhagen. Physisk-oeconomisk beskrivelse over Eger-praestgiaeld i Aggerhuus-stift i Norge; tilligemed et geographisk Kort over samme: 228 pp. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:152 [ref. 22952]). Località tipo - Modum, Norvegia occidentale. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo erythrinus Georgi, 1775. Bemerkungen einer Reise im russischen Reich in 1772. St. Petersburg. 2 vols. Bemerkungen einer Reise im russischen Reich in 1772.: 1-920. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), ma valida sottospecie, vedere Berg 1948:273, Reshetnikov et al. 1997:730, Dorofeeva & Savvaitova 1998:37, Scharpf 2006:33. Località tipo - Lago Frelicha, Siberia, Russia. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto. Vedere Mecklenburg et al. 2002:199.

Salmo hearnii Richardson, 1823. Notice of the fishes. Numero 6, in John Franklin. Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea in 1819-22 ... with an appendix on various subjects relating to science and natural history. London. Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea in 1819-22 ...: 705-728, Tav. 25-26. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Discutibile sinonimo di Salvelinus malma (Walbaum 1792), vedere Berg 1948:288. Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Scott & Crossman 1998:207. Località tipo - Bloody Fall, fiume Coppermine, 67°N. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo hoodii Richardson, 1835. Narrative of a second voyage in search of a northwest passage... Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758). Località tipo - Fort Enterprise, lago di Pine Island. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo hybridus Smitt, 1886. Kritisk förteckning öfver de i Riksmuseum befintliga Salmonider. Kongl. Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar v. 21 (n° 8): 1-290 + tables and pls., Pls. 1-6, Tables 1-12. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:153. Località tipo - Yngern, Svezia. Sintipi - NRM (non rintracciati).

Salmo (Trutta) kundscha Pallas, 1776. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reiches. St. Petersburg. 3 vol. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Berg 1948:270 scritto kundsha, Svetovidov 1973:148, Dorofeeva & Savvaitova 1998:37. Località tipo - Fiume Kara, Europa. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo trutta var. laevis Walbaum, 1792. Petri Artedi sueci genera piscium. In quibus systema totum ichthyologiae proponitur cum classibus, ordinibus, generum characteribus, specierum differentiis, observationibus plurimis. Redactis speciebus 242 ad genera 52. Ichthyologiae pars III. Ant. Ferdin. Rose, Grypeswaldiae (Greifswald). Sostituzione di nome non necessaria o o emendamento ingiustificato di Salmo levis Mohr 1786. Combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:152. Località tipo - Nessuna località indicata. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo levis Mohr, 1786. Førsog til en Islandsk naturhistorie, med adskillige oekonomiske samt andre anmaetkninger... Kjøbenhavn.: i-xvi + 1-413, 7 tavole. Originale non visionato. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:152. Località tipo - Islanda. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo marstoni Garman, 1893. The Lac de Marbre trout, a new species. Science v. 22: 23. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Lee et al. 1980:111, Scott & Crossman 1998:207. Località tipo - Lac de Marbre, Ottawa County, Quebec, Canada. Tipo - Olotipo MCZ 32956. Altro materiale - CU 73968 (1).

Salmo naresii Günther, 1877. Report on a collection of fishes made by Mr. C. Hart during the late Arctic Expedition. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 1877: 475-477, Pl. 50. Scritto naresii nel testo e naresi sulla illustrazione. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Scott & Crossman 1998:207 come naresi. Località tipo - Laghi vicino a Discovery Bay, America artica. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - BMNH 1877.5.13.13-17 (5).

Salmo nitidus Richardson, 1835. Narrative of a second voyage in search of a northwest passage ...  Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Scott & Crossman 1998:207. Località tipo - Laghi del Regent's Inlet, Boothia Felix, Northwest Territories, Canada. Tipo - Nessuno.

Salmo alpinus var. nivalis Faber, 1829. Naturgeschichte der Fische Islands. Frankfurt-am-Main. Naturgeschichte der Fische Islands.: 1-206. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:153. Località tipo - Islanda, isole Faroe, Norvegia. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - Collocazione ignota.

Salmo oquassa Girard, 1854. Atti della Boston Society of Natural History v. 4 (1851-1854). Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Scott & Crossman 1998:207. Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), ma valida sottospecie oquassa, vedere Scharpf 2006:33. Località tipo - Kenebago, ingresso orientale del lago Moosemegantic, New England, U.S.A. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salvelinus alpinus orientalis Kirillov, 1972. Fishes of Yakutia. Nauka, Moskva. Fishes of Yakutia.: 1-359. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), ma valida sottospecie come da descrizione, vedere Reshetnikov et al. 1997:730, Dorofeeva & Savvaitova 1998:37. Località tipo - Corso superiore del fiume Indigirka, Yakutia, Russia. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - (14) collocazione ignota.

Salmo punctatus Cuvier, 1829. Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Edition 2. v. 2; ref. 995. Nomenclatura ICZN oggettivamente non valida, già occupata da Salmo punctatus Gronow 1854. Basato su Salmo alpinus di Bloch,Tav. 104. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:152. Località tipo - Alpi. Kottelat 1997:90 limita la località tipo alla descrizione di alpinus di Linnaeus 1758:308, ma il Codice non prevede tele tipo di restrizione. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo rivalis Fabricius, 1780. Fauna groenlandica, systematice sistens animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis hactenus indagata, quoad nomen specificum, trivale, vernaculumque; ... I. G. Rothe, Hafniae & Lipsiae (Copenhagen & Leipzig). Fauna groenlandica, systematice sistens animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis, etc.: i-xvi + 1-452, 1 pl. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Scott & Crossman 1998:207. Località tipo - Torrenti alpini e stagni della Groenlandia occidentale. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo rossii Richardson, 1835. Narrative of a second voyage in search of a northwest passage... Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Scott & Crossman 1998:207. Località tipo - Regent's Inlet, Boothia Felix, Groenlandia. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo rutilus Nilsson, 1832. Prodromus ichthyologiae Scandinavicae. I - IV + 1-124. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:153. Località tipo - Hadeland, sudovest della Norvegia. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - Collocazione ignota.

Salmo salvelinostagnalis Smitt, 1886. Kritisk förteckning öfver de i Riksmuseum befintliga Salmonider. Kongl. Svenska vetenskaps-akademiens handlingar v. 21 (n° 8): 1-290 + tables and pls., Pls. 1-6, Tables 1-12. In origine salvelino-stagnalis. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Berg 1948:270, Kottelat 1997:153. Località tipo - Teriberka, foce del fiume Murmansk, penisola di Kola, Russia. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - NRM 12050-51 (1, 1).

Salmo stagnalis Fabricius, 1780. Fauna groenlandica, systematice sistens animalia Groenlandiae occidentalis, etc. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Scott & Crossman 1998:207. Località tipo - Stagni alpini, Goenlandia occidentale. Tipo - Nessun esemplare noto.

Salmo ventricosus Nilsson, 1832. Prodromus ichthyologiae Scandinavicae. I - IV + 1-124. Sinonimo junior, combinazione originale, nomenclatura ICZN non valida. Opinioni - Sinonimo di Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus 1758), vedere Kottelat 1997:153. Località tipo - Sigdal, Norvegia. Tipo - Nessuno. Sintipi - Collocazione ignota.

Note sulla nomenclatura - Se le popolazioni alpine e nord europee fossero considerate conspecifiche, come affermato da numerosi autori, il nome di S. alpinus non risulterebbe disponibile per la specie presente, ma dovrebbe essere sostituito da S. umbla, come richiesto dal Codice Internazionale di Nomenclatura Zoologica.

Note sulla tassonomia - In base a recenti studi morfologici, genetici e molecolari, la specie S. alpinus è stata suddivisa in 20 specie separate (S. alpinus, S. colii, S. evasus, S. fimbriatus, S. gracillimus, S. grayi, S. inframundus, S. killinensis, S. lepechini, S. lonsdalii, S. mallochi, S. maxillaris, S. Murta, S. obtusus, S. perisii, S. struanensis, S. thingvallensis, S. umbla, S. willoughbii, e S. youngeri). Sono note popolazioni anadrome, semi-anadrome, lacustri, fluviali-lacustri e nane, talvolta in simpatria tra loro. Per la maggior parte di esse non sono disponibili dati dettagliati. Probabilmente in molti casi sono coinvolte varie specie, la cui identità rimane mascherata da definizioni di specie poco chiare.

Fonti bibliografiche principali - Kottelat M. and J. Freyhof 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland and Freyof, Berlin, Germany. Pagina 429 - 430.

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